This study offers two cost analyses to inform public policy decisions on the use of land and water resources. The first presents some public service costs associated with different spatial forms of land development. The second cost analysis presents costs associated with three different policy options for meeting water quality goals in Long Island Sound. The objective the first analysis is to determine the cost to local governments of providing water distribution and wastewater collection services to alternative spatial forms of residential development. Components of spatial form are explicitly defined in terms of lot size, distance and tract dispersion. An engineering cost model is used to determine the water and sewer costs to three sets of hypothetical land settlement scenarios. Each set shows the effect of one component of spatial form on cost. The results show that smaller lots, shorter distances between existing centers and less tract dispersion reduce public water and sewer costs. Lot size is found to have the most pronounced effect on water and sewer cost. Some policy options for reducing the public service costs associated with development are considered. The objective of the second cost analysis is to analyze the cost implications of a nitrogen allowance trading system for wastewater treatment plants in Connecticut. Effluent allowance trading involves the transfer of pollution control responsibility between pollution sources. Effluent allowances are the right to discharge a given quantity of waste into the environment over a given time period. Allowance trading has been proposed as a way of reducing pollution control costs, encouraging innovative pollution prevention techniques and more quickly achieving water quality goals. Long Island Sound, a major estuary in the northeastern United States, experiences chronically low dissolved oxygen levels. Excessive nitrogen loads from anthropogenic activities in the Sound watershed have been identified as the cause of the oxygen problem. The state of Connecticut is examining the possibility of introducing an effluent allowance trading system in order to reduce the cost of achieving required reductions in nitrogen discharge. A linear programming model is used to predict trading outcomes and allowance prices. The total cost of achieving a nitrogen load cap is calculated under three administrative approaches. The first approach is a uniform reduction requirement where all plants are required to reduce discharge by the same proportion. The second approach is an administrative reallocation of waste load where a regulatory agency assigns control responsibility based on the agency's understanding of relative costs. The third approach is a flexible effluent allowance trading system. The results will show that a trading program offers cost savings over traditional regulatory approaches, demonstrate the potential for further cost savings from pollution prevention activities and estimate the cost savings that would result from including nonpoint sources in the overall nitrogen reduction strategy. / Master of Science

Orientadores: Bruno Coraucci Filho, Antonio Carlos Zuffo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reami_Luciano_D.pdf: 2591741 bytes, checksum: 95ef60f5829d1546c834b6d43c144726 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Baseado em projetos de estações de tratamento de esgotos implantados e a implantar, foi realizado uma pesquisa de custos de implantação de 8 modalidades, tendo os valores tratados na forma de custos unitários por capacidade de tratamento, em termos de "R$/m3.d-1 de capacidade". Foram compostos valores unitários de custos de operação e manutenção dos sistemas pesquisados em termos de "R$/m3 tratado". Além dos custos unitários, foram pesquisados critérios utilizados para o auxílio à tomada de decisão, para uma determinada comunidade, e aplicados em um estudo de caso para o município de Restinga-SP. Utilizou-se três métodos de auxílio à tomada de decisão, o MAUT, o CP e o CGT, com 20 alternativas, sendo 4 delas considerando-se a adaptação do sistema existente, e aplicados 94 questionários para valoração dos critérios por atores envolvidos na tomada de decisão. Os resultados indicaram que o custo unitário de implantação é reduzido na medida em que se eleva a capacidade do sistema. Para os custos operacionais em termos percentuais, concluiu-se entre outras, que a energia elétrica e a remoção e destinação de lodo são bastante significativos. Os métodos muticriteriais aplicados apresentaram resultados semelhantes apenas para a opinião do representante da Prefeitura Municipal, e para os demais ocorreram variações entre as 1ª e 2ª ordem de preferência. As alternativas de melhor compromisso entre os opinantes corresponderam à conversão da lagoa anaeróbia existente em aerada facultativa e implantação de terceira lagoa facultativa em área ao lado da ETE existente, implantação de lagoa facultativa seguida de lagoa de maturação, e implantação de lagoa aerada seguida de lagoa de decantação (aerada de mistura completa) / Abstract: Based on existing and new sewage treatment plant projects, a research on the implementation costs of 8 sewage treatment modes was executed resulting in unit costs per treatment capacity, in terms of "R$ / m3. d-1 of capacity." Unit values were composed of operating and maintenance costs of the surveyed systems, in terms of "R$ / m3 treated". In addition to unit costs, criteria that can be taken into account to support decision making for a specific community were researched and applied on a case study for the city of Restinga-SP. Three decision making support systems were used, MAUT, CP and CGT, with 20 alternatives, 4 of them considering the adaptation of the existing system, and the undertaking of 94 questionnaires for the valuation of the criteria by actors involved in the decision making process. The results indicated that the unit cost of implementation is reduced as the system capacity is enhanced. In regard to the operating costs it was possible to observe that the electricity and the removal and disposal of sludge were quite significant. The multicriteria methods presented similar results only in the opinion of the municipal representatives, in the other cases a difference was noted between the 1st and 2nd order of preference. The alternatives of best compromise between personal opinions corresponded to the conversion of the existing anaerobic pond into an aerated facultative and third facultative pond using an area next to the existing WWTP, implementation of facultative pond followed by maturation pond, and aerated pond (complete mix aerated) with decantation pond / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil