This thesis has explored the relationship between self-disclosure (Jourard, 1958) and sex-role identity (Bem, 1972). It was hypothesized that these two elements would interact such that those individuals posessing androgynous sex-role identities would self-disclose more fully to a peer than would individuals posessing sex-typed sex-role identities.This project used a 2 (subject gender) X 2 (sex-role identity) x 3 (target condition) design. The initial sample pool consisted of 151 female and 80 male undergraduate student volunteers. The final sample consisted of 43 female and 14 male students. Married subjects, those identified as sex-reversed, and those subjects who did not attend the second experimental session were eliminated from the final sample. Paper-and-pencil tests measured both self-disclosure and sex-role identity.The analysis of data revealed one significant interaction across the parameters investigated. Males were significantly more "filling to disclose highly intimate personal information than were females. Possible reasons for these results were discussed, and suggestions for further research were made.

The present investigation examined how the sex of participants (male or female), and the emotion expressed (sadness, joy, or anger) by a hypothetical character (male or female) affected the participants' reactions to the character. Ratings were obtained from 66 male and 66 female college students on: 1) causal attributions, 2) behavior-gender congruence, 3) adjustment in school work and friendships, 4) adjustment in sexuality and in handling emotional needs, and 5) personal acceptance as acquaintance, co-worker, and close friend. It was anticipated that male characters expressing sadness or joy would receive greater negative evaluations_ than their female counterparts, particularly from female raters. Similar reactions were predicted for male and female characters expressing anger. A multivariate analysis of variance was perfcrmed on the data, while eight planed comparisons tested the experimental hypotheses using Duari's procedure. Post-hoc analyses utilized Tukey's procedure.The findings revealed that for each emotion expressed there were no significant differences in ratings either due to participant, or character sex, with one exception. The expression of joy was judged by all subjects as more inappropriate for the male than the female character. Post-hoc analyses indicated the expressions of sadness and joy as more appropriate than the expression of anger, leading to lower acceptance of the latter character. The characters expressing sadness were also seen as more adjusted in school work and friendships than either the characters expressing joy or anger. The validity and generalizability of these findings were discussed in light of previous research.Recommendations for future investigations in this area include the use of mixed-sex character dyads and nonprivate interaction contexts, consideration of how genderincongruent behaviors are defined, and utilization of unobtrusive and behavioral measures along with attitudinal ones.

The purpose of this study was to identify family background variables that were correlates of offspring perceptions of gender traits. This project measured the strength of the relationship between offspring perceptions of parental gender-related traits and of offspring self-perception of gender-related traits. The strength of the relationship between measures of family environment factors and of offspring possession of gender traits was also measured. In addition, this study investigated the relationship between these measures and family demographic variables.Spence, Helmriech, and Stapp's Personal Attributes Questionnaire measured self-perception of gender traits. Spence and Helmreich's Parental Attributes Questionnaire measured perceptions of parental gender traits. Moos and Moos' Family Environment Scale measured family environment. Correlation coeffiecients were computed to measure the strength of relationships.Results indicated several significant relationships between parental and offspring gender scores. Several significant relationships emerged between perceptions of family environment and self-perception of gender traits. Sex differences were noted in these relationshlips. Although these relationships were statistically significant, the small correlation coefficients indicated that the relationships tended to be of limited practical value.An analysis which transformed correlation coeficient comparisons into z scores indicated that offspring gender traits were no more related to same-sex parental traits than they were to opposite-sex traits. Regression analyses showed that the best predictor variable for offspring selfperception of masculine traits was a family measure. The best predictor variable for offspring feminine traits was a parental trait score.This study indicated that perception of father's feminine traits was significantly related to perception of family environment. The intellectual and cultural atmosphere of one's family of origin was identified as an important variable. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research were also presented. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not different virginity status groups make different causal attributions about virginity and sexual choices, to determine whether self-monitoring influences this attribution process, and to determine whether or not there were any group sex differences.This research attempted to answer several questions: 1) What virginity status groups are most likely to be high self-monitors? Low self-monitors? Are there any sex differences? 2) What kinds of causal attributions do the different virginity status groups make about other virginity status groups? Are there any sex differences?The present research used Russell's Causal Dimension Scale (CDS) and Snyder's selfmonitoring scale to assess information about causal attributions and individual self-monitoring styles. One-hundred and ninety-eight subjects participated. Descriptive and correlational analyses were conducted to determine whether self-monitoring and virginitystatus were statistically related. Based on these correlation results, multivariate analyses were conducted. Wilke's Lambda coefficients were computed via a four-way factorial MANOVA analysis. Univariate analyses and F-tests were also computed based on the multivariate results. Post-hoc comparisons of significant univariate means (main effects and interactions) were then calculated using the Tukey B test.Results indicated that 1) self-monitoring and virginity status were not correlated although male subjects were significantly higher in self-monitoring than were female subjects. 2) Although univariate analyses revealed significant effects for attributions of internality and stability, using the conservative Tukey B procedure, there were no significant differences. 3) Adamant virgin subjects attributed significantly more internality to vignettes of males than Potential Non-virgin subjects did to vignettes of males. 4) Subjects attributed significantly more controllability to vignettes of female Regretful Non-virgins than to vignettes of female Adamant virgins. 5) Regretful Non-virgin subjects attributed significantly more stability to vignettes of Regretful Non-virgins than to vignettes of Adamant virgins. 6) Male subjects attributed significantly more controllability to vignettes of Potential Non-virgins than to vignettes of Adamant virgins. 7) Regretful Non-virgin subjects attributed significantly controllability to vignettes of male Potential Non-virgins than they did to vignettes of female Adamant virgins. 8) Non-virgin subjects attributed significantly more stability to vignettes of female Potential Non-virgins than they did to vignettes of female Regretful Non-virgins.A discussion of the results, their implications for practice, and recommendations for further research were also presented.

While there is evidence that young women involved in transactional sex face economical, emotional and health disadvantages, few studies have examined young women’s understanding and knowledge of risky behaviours (e.g., substance abuse, acquiring sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, domestic violence, etc.) and how these influence their health and well-being. The debate on the definitions, relevance, and causes of transactional sex, as well as on the approaches to address it, is ongoing. There is considerable agreement that sexual exchange needs to be addressed from a variety of contexts to obtain a comprehensive picture of how women understand their experience. This qualitative study used phenomenological techniques (interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, observation, and field notes) to collect data and conduct analysis on 15 young women between the ages of 18 and 27. The focus of the study was to explore issues of health and social services as identified by young women involved in transactional sex. This study enabled them to discuss the struggles they encounter (such as issues related to housing, addictions, employment opportunities, and skills level). Findings from the study identified issues that may help to develop programs and policies to provide better supports to young women involved in transactional sex.

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to investigate whether men and women clients in therapy are viewed differently by therapists as a result of a double standard of mental health, i.e., whether or not therapists hold one set of beliefs about behaviors and characteristics that describes a mentally healthy male and yet another set of beliefs about behaviors and characteristics that describes a healthy female, and 2) to determine if both sex-typed and androgynous therapists hold these differential views.The basic design of the study was a 2 x 2 x 3 analysis of variances Sex Role Identity by Sex of Clinician by Referent (male, female or adult). The study utilized 83 female and 74 male volunteer clinicians from nine mental health centers in central. Indiana. The 157 participants, ranging in age from 22 to 62, were administered the Bern Sex Role Inventory in order to assess their Sex Role Identity (SRI). The data are based on 44 sex-typed and 45 androgynous subjects retained to complete the study. Of these, 47 were females and 42 were males. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 independent groups and asked to complete the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire. One group was asked how they viewed a healthy male; groups 2 and 3 were asked how they viewed a healthy female or adult--gender unspecified, respectively.It was expected that sex-typed clinicians would differentiate in their views of a healthy male and healthy female and that these differences would parallel sex role stereotypes prevalent in our society. It was expected that sex-typed clinicians would see no difference between healthy males and healthy adults, gender unspecified. Further, it was thought that Sex Role Identity would have an effect on Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire scores, specifically that sex-typed male and female clinicians would see a healthy male and a healthy female as having different personality traits and that androgynous therapists would see no differences.In order to test the hypotheses, six planned comparisons were made utilizing 95%Bonferroni t confidence intervals. Contrary to expectations, the data did not support any of the hypotheses. Each was found to be nonsignificant. The present study was compared to the Broverman et al. study which found a double standard eleven years ago.The results may indicate that therapists--both androgynous and sex-typed--may be moving toward a more androgynous view of the world. Factors related to professional discipline of the subjects could have affected the results as well as the possible hesitancy to disclose of some subjects. Rather than being a primary personality attribute, psychological androgyny and sex role identification may make up a limited, situation-specific aspect of personality. This suggests the possibility that sex-typed as well as androgynous clinicians may not hold differential attitudes about men and women.Although clinicians were identified as sex-typed in their attitudes, they may have been able to suspend these attitudes and keep their stereotypes to themselves when counseling clients. The impact of the Women's movement as well as professional and ethical directives prohibiting discrimination may have an influential effect on therapeutic behavior.Finally, it is possible that clinicians could have held egalitarian views of health in their conscious awareness which would have been reflected in their SRSQ scores, but that an opposing set of unconscious attitudes about women could have affected their behavior with women clients. Further research suggestions include focusing on the therapists' behavior in the counseling setting and exploring clients' views of the therapist and of the counseling experience to determine whether non-sexist counseling is actually occurring behind the closed door.

This is an investigation of the sex workers’ rights movement in San Francisco. My project is aimed at demystifying the movement and taking its aims seriously in order to see how it has succeeded and failed. This investigation analyses the mainstream rhetoric of the sex workers’ rights movement in San Francisco, and also uncovers sex work narratives that push against societal ideas of legitimate work, empowerment, agency and resistance. This investigation is divided into two chapters. My first chapter titled “COYOTE to the St. James Infirmary: A Historical Analysis of the sex workers’ Rights Movement in San Francisco” is inspired by Kathi Weeks’ analysis of the movement for domestic wages in the 1970’s and argues that the early movement succeeded in challenging normative ideas of work and sexuality, but ultimately failed because of the exclusion of sex workers of color and/or gender nonconforming sex workers from the movement. Chapter II, titled “The Silenced Scripts of Sex Workers: Histories Written from Below” uses Paul Apostolidis’ Grascian framework to explain why an investigation of sex workers’ zines, podcasts, blogs and magazines are essential in understanding theoretical themes that underlined the rhetoric of the sex workers’ rights movement in San Francisco. I argue that these narratives must be included in mainstream discourses surrounding sex work in order for sex workers to gain rights and remain safe on the streets of San Francisco.

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Haplodiploid Hymenoptera females control the sex of their progeny, and their sex allocation is influenced by several factors. The impact of intra- and interspecific competition and of inbreeding and outbreeding on sex allocation has been studied in some species of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma. The pre-mating dispersion has also been studied. Impact of competition on sex allocation was observed for Trichogramma minutum Riley and Trichogramma pintoi Voegele. These species were chosen because of the ease with which than can be distinguish. Results show that females of both species lay more males under intraspecific competition than alone, following the Local Mate Competition theory, while only T. pintoi modifies its sex ratio under interspecific competition. Multiparasitism and natural habitat could explain this shift in the sex ratio. Trichogramma minutum, T. pintoi and Trichogramma evanescens Westwood pre-mating dispersion show that most matings occur at the emergence site. However, the three species have a potential for off-patch mating, allowing genetic exchange between sub-populations. These three species were chosen because they are classified in different groups in the genus. Finally, T. evanescens did not modify its sex ratio following inbreeding or outbreeding. The incapacity to discriminate between kin and non-kin, insufficient genetic distance in outbreeding, or the population structure could explain these results.