Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2004. / Thesis directed by David S. Hachen Jr. for the Department of Sociology. "July 2004." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 512-524).

Thesis (Ed.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1975. / Bibliography: l. 95-100.

Thesis (Ed. S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Educational Psychology, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-21).

The effects of discrimination on promotion of women into top managerial positions is investigated in this study. In order to investigate these effects, the use of a questionnaire for survey was developed. The questionnaire consisted of thirty-one statements in which a response to each question contributed towards the results of this study. The literature study was used as an eye opener to the South African situation with comparison to other countries. The purpose of the empirical study was to determine the effects of discrimination especially in the Eastern Cape. The answers of the respondents were analysed and interpreted with relation to the findings from the literature study. Concluding remarks are provided which could assist firms in the private sector when faced with the challenge of the advancement of women and the implementation of the Labour policies which endorse the equal opportunity programme.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1991.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Also available in print.

The central purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the devaluation of women's psychological problems upon the recognition of women's behavior as deviant and the subsequent impact of both variables upon the recognition of women's need for psychological treatment. A secondary purpose was to determine whether culture and gender influenced each concept in this study. The study utilized a mathematical correlational design with a causal modeling approach to test a three-stage theory. The convenience sample selected for the study consisted of 80 subjects: 20 Arabic males; 20 Arabic females; 20 Anglo American males; and 20 Anglo American females living in a southwestern city. A three-scale instrument (each scale contains two subscales) was constructed to index the theoretical concepts. Reliability and validity estimates were conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the instrument. The theory was tested using correlational, analysis of variance, and multiple regression statistical techniques. The traditional orientation of the Arabic culture appears to account for the differences found in the data. Along with cultural influences, gender also appeared to impact upon two of the concepts in the neurotic level, devaluation of neurotic behavior (B = -.64) and recognition of the need for treatment of neurotic behaviors (B =.22), with males evidencing a lower level of sensitivity to women's psychological problems. Gender interacted with culture for two concepts, devaluation of neurotic behavior (B = -.28) and recognition of neurotic behavior as deviant (B = -.27), and Arabic males were the least sensitive group. Both culture and gender did not have an impact upon devaluation of psychotic behavior and recognition of the need for treatment of psychotic behavior. However, there were cultural differences in the recognition of psychotic behavior as deviant. Arabic subjects probably evaluated some of psychotic behaviors as religious rather than considering them as psychiatric disorders. Only the variable, devaluation of women's psychological problems was found to be a predictor of recognition of women's need for treatment. Also the variable, devaluation of women's psychological problems, had an impact upon recognition of women's behavior as deviant.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that a training module on sex bias and sex-role stereotyping in the counseling milieu would have upon attitudes toward women held by graduate counselor trainees. Attitudes of the experimental group were compared with attitudes of control subjects who received no treatment.The research was planned to answer two questions:(1) Is there a significant difference in attitudes toward between an experimental group who received the training module and a control group who did not receive the module?(2) Is there a significant difference between attitudes expressed by male subjects and attitudes expressed by female subjects?Twenty-eight male and twenty-seven female graduate students enrolled in counselor education courses with Ball State University-Europe were assigned randomly on the basis of sex to either the experimental or control group. All of the subjects were actively pursuing degree programs 1n counseling.The experimental group received a module which consisted of five phases: introduction, relaxation/fantasy, role-playing, women integration/generalization, and summary. The module was designed to help counselor trainees understand how sex bias and sex-role stereotyping influence the counseling relationship. The no-treatment control subjects attended their regularly scheduled classes.All volunteer counselor trainees completed the short version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp, 1973) one week after the experimental group received the module. The Attitudes toward Women Scale originally was developed by Spence and Helmreich (1972) as an objective paper and pencil instrument and has frequently been used to measure attitudes toward the rights and roles of women.Statistical processing of the data consisted of a two-way analysis of variance method of unweighted means. The F ratio was computed at the p<.05 level of confidence between (a) experimental and control groups, and (b) males and females using group mean scores on the short version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups on the obtained dependent variable scores. There was a significant difference for the moderator variable sex of subject. Male counselor trainees scored significantly lower or more "traditional" in their attitudes toward the rights and roles of women in society than did the female counselor trainees.The results were discussed in terms of the difficulty in achieving change in attitudes with short-term interventions, the need for long-term follow-up, and recommendations for future research.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of physical attractiveness and sex on periodic midshipman performance evaluations at the United States Naval Academy. An experiment was conducted in which 138 senior-ranking male midshipmen participated. Each was provided an identical performance summary report along with one of four Naval Academy yearbook photographs then asked to evaluate the midshipman in the photograph using only the information provided. The target midshipman was presented as either an attractive or unattractive male or female sophomore-level midshipman who demonstrated an average level of performance. The significant finding was that physical attractiveness and sex did influence evaluation scores. The attractive midshipmen received higher overall evaluation scores than the unattractive midshipmen, and the attractive female midshipman received the highest overall evaluation scores. The purpose of this study was to increase awareness of physical attractiveness and sex biases and their negative impacts on performance evaluations. This study also aimed to make training recommendations and suggestions for further research on this topic that will benefit the United States Naval Academy. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

M.B.A. / Everywhere in the world, an increasing number of female entrepreneurs are becoming the pillars of economic growth and development. This exploratory research sought to investigate the barriers facing female entrepreneurs and to establish whether these barriers are exacerbated for women because of their gender. It focuses on the experiences and perceptions of female entrepreneurs in the urban formal sector of the Gauteng area of South Africa. Data for the study was gathered by a survey through questionnaires administered to 93 female entrepreneurs, the majority of whom were registered with either the South African Business Women's Association or The South African Women's Network. The literature review identified differences in female and male entrepreneurship related to personal demographics, business demographics and support structures. These differences could be explained by the barriers that female entrepreneurs face in their endeavours. The barriers are discussed under five main categories: social and cultural barriers, infrastructural barriers, educational and occupational barriers, role barriers, and behavioural barriers. Upon investigating these barriers amongst female entrepreneurs, results revealed that female entrepreneurs have to contend with socio-cultural, political, structural, economics, legal and personal barriers compared to men when they contemplate entrepreneurship. Although some barriers may be the same as those experienced by male entrepreneurs, the female entrepreneurs in this study perceived that they did indeed experience barriers that were specific to female entrepreneurs and that some barriers were exacerbated for them because of their gender. Thus, even if the Constitution of South Africa states that women and men have equal rights and the same entitlements for engaging in a career in society, reality proves that the experiences of female entrepreneurs in Gauteng are contrary to this - the current situation indicates that female entrepreneurship in Gauteng serves as a 'glass ceiling' for female entrepreneurial ambitions. Understanding the barriers facing female entrepreneurs can be beneficial to: females currently engaged in entrepreneurship, aspiring and emerging female entrepreneurs, and policy makers. This understanding can lead to more supportive policies and programmes for female entrepreneurs. Society, government, policy makers and women themselves thus need to work together to bring about changes required towards female entrepreneurs.