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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Cooperation and competition as drivers of the evolutionary transition from simultaneous hermaphroditism to separate sexes in Ophryotrocha worms / Coopération et compétition comme éléments moteurs de la transition évolutive de l’hermaphrodisme vers des sexes séparés chez les vers du genre Ophryotrocha

Picchi, Laura 18 December 2018 (has links)
Chez les animaux, l’hermaphrodisme et le gonochorisme sont tous deux apparus plusieurs fois de manière indépendante. Cependant, les voies évolutives impliquées dans la transition entre les systèmes sexuels sont en grande partie inconnues. L’objectif de cette thèse était donc d’étudier la transition évolutive de l’hermaphroditisme vers des sexes séparés chez les vers du genre Ophryotrocha, en s'intéressant en particulier à la manière dont la coopération et la compétition entre individus peuvent déterminer l’allocation de ressources reproductives chez les hermaphrodites, soit en favorisant l'évolution de sexes séparés ou en stabilisant l'hermaphrodisme. Nos résultats ont révélé que les vers hermaphrodites échangent réciproquement des œufs, une forme de coopération qui favorise une allocation des ressources sexuelles biaisée en faveur de la fonction femelle et qui stabilise ainsi l'hermaphrodisme. Toutefois, lorsque les hermaphrodites sont exposés à une forte compétition pour l'accouplement, ils transfèrent les ressources de la fonction femelle vers la fonction mâle, ce qui diminue la production d’œufs et les soins parentaux, mais augmente la motilité et l'agressivité. À des niveaux élevés de compétition pour l'accouplement, motilité et agression peuvent améliorer la recherche et la monopolisation du partenaire, favorisant ainsi la propagation des hermaphrodites biaisés en faveur de la fonction mâle, promouvant ainsi l'évolution de mâles purs et, ensuite, de femelles pures. Enfin, nous avons montré que les hermaphrodites prêts à s'accoupler en tant que mâles uniquement (sans œufs matures) préfèrent des partenaires hermaphrodites prêts à s'accoupler en tant que femelles, qui, en revanche, n'expriment aucune préférence. Globalement, ce travail montre que la coopération et la compétition sont tous deux des facteurs importants dans la répartition des sexes chez les hermaphrodites et suggère que des changements dans l’environnement social ont pu jouer un rôle central dans l’évolution des systèmes sexuels chez les vers du genre Ophryotrocha. / In animals, both simultaneous hermaphroditism and gonochorism originated independently several times. Yet the evolutionary pathways involved in the transition between sexual systems are largely unknown. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the evolutionary transition from hermaphroditism to separate sexes in Ophryotrocha worms, focusing on how cooperation and competition between individuals shape hermaphrodite sex allocation, either promoting the evolution of separate sexes or stabilizing hermaphroditism. Our results revealed that hermaphroditic worms reciprocally exchange egg-clutches, a form of cooperation that favor a female-biased sex allocation and stabilizes hermaphroditism. However, when hermaphrodites are exposed to high level of mate competition, they reallocate resources from the female to the male function, decreasing egg production and parental care and increasing motility and aggression. Under high mate competition level, motility and aggression may improve mate searching and partner monopolization and may favor the spread of male-biased hermaphrodites, promoting the evolution of pure males and, later, pure females. Finally, we showed that hermaphrodites ready to mate as males only (without ripe eggs) prefer hermaphrodites ready to mate as females as partners, which, in contrast, do not express any preference. Overall, this work shows that both cooperation and competition are important factors in hermaphrodite sex allocation, and suggests that changes in the social environment may have played a central role in the evolution of sexual systems in Ophryotrocha worms.
2

Sistemas sexuais de espécie lenhosa de Restinga da RPPN Nossa Senhora do Outeiro de Maracaipe, em Ipojuca – PE / Sexual systems of restinga wood species in the NPPR Nossa Senhora do Outeiro de Maracaípe, at Ipojuca - PE - Brazil

NOBREGA, Marcio Geyton Sousa 31 August 2009 (has links)
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-29T14:38:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Geyton Sousa Nobrega.pdf: 653663 bytes, checksum: 465fbd64fb471dae1c6a487ea0e48226 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Geyton Sousa Nobrega.pdf: 653663 bytes, checksum: 465fbd64fb471dae1c6a487ea0e48226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sexual system is an essential factor of genetic variability between vegetal species, which knowledge is essential in conservational and improvement plans. The sexual systems of woody species of resting was determined by pollen and ovule presence and viability in flowers produced in loco, by herbarium exsiccates observation and by literature review. The hermaphrodite’s species proportion was 79.2% and the dioecious species proportion was 20.8%. Those results are in conformity with the predominant tendency of more high frequency of hermaphrodites in angiospermies species on tropical forests and more high frequency of angiosperms dioecious species on resting vegetation. Although dioecious species can to have ecological and reproductive characteristics which generally maximize the reproduction efficiency, are more subject to negative effect of anthropization, requiring special care on genetic diversity conservation. / O sistema sexual é um fator de geração de variabilidade genética entre plantas, cujo conhecimento é essencial em planos de conservação e melhoramento genético. O sistema sexual de espécies lenhosas da vegetação de restinga foi definido pela observação de presença e a viabilidade de óvulo e, ou pólen em flores produzidas in loco, por observação de exsicatas de herbário e por revisão de literatura. A proporção de espécies hermafroditas foi 79,2% e a proporção de espécies dióicas foi 20,8%. Esses resultados confirmam a tendência geral de mais alta freqüência de espécies hermafroditas em angiospermas de florestas tropicais e também de mais alta freqüência de espécies dióicas em restinga. Apesar de poderem ter características ecológicas e sexuais que, em geral, maximizam a eficácia reprodutiva, as espécies dióicas são mais sujeitas aos efeitos negativos da antropização, requerendo cuidado especial na conservação da diversidade genética.
3

Desenvolvimento floral e expressão sexual em espécies de Ficus L. (Moraceae) / Floral development and sex expression in species of Ficus L. (Moraceae)

Basso-Alves, João Paulo, 1985- 18 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Simone de Pádua Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Basso-Alves_JoaoPaulo_M.pdf: 5360673 bytes, checksum: dcedc4cbe8765f92aca350ab0d6cfac5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A ausência de um dos verticilos reprodutivos em algumas flores pode decorrer da perda ou supressão de primórdios, o que pode ser elucidado por meio de estudos morfológicos do desenvolvimento floral. Ficus L. é um ótimo modelo para estes estudos, uma vez que possui representantes com sistemas sexuais diversos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a morfologia da flor em desenvolvimento em Ficus citrifolia (monóica), F. hispida (ginodióica), F. racemosa (monóica secundária) e F. religiosa (monóica), a fim compreender as vias ontogenéticas que promovem a condição flor imperfeita. Para tal, sicônios em diversos estádios de desenvolvimento foram coletados, fixados em FAA 50, dissecados em lupa e preparados para observações de superfície em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e histológicas em microscopia de luz. A organização dos meristemas florais e das flores no interior do sicônio é muito congesta na maioria das espécies estudadas, sendo menos acentuada em F. hispida (ginodióica). Diferenças no tempo de emergência dos meristemas e de alongamento do pedicelo em flores carpeladas foram observadas nas espécies monóicas (F. citrifolia, F. racemosa e F. religiosa) e parecem ser cruciais para a formação da heterostilia incompleta, típica de espécies monóicas deste gênero. As flores carpeladas de todas as espécies exibiram formação de sinestigma ao final do desenvolvimento (exceto aquelas do sicônio produtores de galha em F. hispida). Nossos dados, comparados aos de literatura, indicam que a ausência de estames nas flores carpeladas, tanto em espécies monóicas quanto em ginodióicas de Ficus, deve-se a um processo de perda, ou seja, os primórdios de estames não são iniciados no meristema floral. As flores estaminadas de F. hispida apresentaram supressão carpelar. A perda de primórdios estaminais é difundida no gênero e em Moraceae; já o carpelo pode ser perdido ou suprimido nestes grupos. Aspectos do desenvolvimento floral também são discutidos em relação à reprodução e biologia floral de Ficus / Abstract: The absence of reproductive organs in some flowers may ontogenetically arise by organ loss or suppression. Ficus L. is an interesting model for floral developmental studies, due to its diversity in sexual systems. The aim of this study was to compare the morphology of the floral development in Ficus citrifolia (monoecious), F. hispida (gynodioecious), F. racemosa (secondary monoecious) and F. religiosa (monoecious), to help understanding the ontogenetic pathways that promote the condition "imperfect flower". Thus, figs at various developmental stages were collected, fixed in FAA 50 and prepared for surface (scanning electron microscopy) and histological observations (light microscopy). The organization of the floral meristem and flowers inside the syconium is quite compressed, although F. hispida (gynodioecious) exhibits a less compressed floral arrangement inside the syconium. Variation in meristem inception time and pedicel elongation were observed in carpellate flowers of monoecious species (F. citrifolia, F. racemosa and F. religiosa) and should be crucial for establishment of incomplete heterostyly. The carpellate flowers of all species showed a sinstigma in the later developmental stages (except the gall-producing syconium in F. hispida). The staminate flowers of F. hispida showed carpel suppression. Our data, compared with those in the literature, indicate that the absence of stamens in carpellate flowers is due to loss of stamen primordium, both in gynodioecious and monoecious species. This condition is present in the genus and in Moraceae as a whole, while the carpel primordium may be lost or suppressed in this group. Aspects of floral development observed in Ficus are discussed in relation to their systematic and reproductive biology / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

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