Natural light, aside from its functional roles, has little significance in many contemporary spaces. The decline of its earlier shared cultural values and lack of any other to replace these translates into an impoverishment of architecture’s deeper experience and significance. By evaluating the connections that exist between light and architecture, and, consequently, between light and man, a better comprehension can be attained of its present value and of its potential as a creative inspiration and as an agent of its expression. By tracing the relationship between light and architecture in Western culture, the forces that have shaped its significance are revealed. From agrarian cultures that connected closely to nature, to the anthropocentric modern era, the way light is treated in architecture has expressed the cultural relationship not only to the sun, to the light itself, but also to nature and to one’s own position within it. The understanding of this progression and the analysis of the contemporary episode of this narrative elucidates the current significance and approach to light in architecture. The profound focus on light by many individual architects and architectural writers acknowledges its importance in contemporary architecture, although its collective cultural significance remains uncertain. A broader conception of light’s significance and ways of integrating it more meaningfully with architecture can be derived from positioning three case studies as complementary to the contemporary episode of its story. These case studies – the tearoom of the Katsura Palace, Junichiro Tanizaki’s book In Praise of Shadows, and photographic series Colors of Shadow by Hiroshi Sugimoto – exhibit nuance and subtlety in consideration of light and shadows alike, illustrating a different approach and attitude to natural lighting. Light becomes more than an enriching physical phenomenon or agent of poetic evocation, it creates a deeper connection of man to his surroundings. Two designs – a house and a library – explore this connection and the potential of light to articulate dwelling. In these, the encounters with light and shadows are palpable and intrinsic to the architectural space fostering the ability to appreciate light and its attendant significance.

Natural light, aside from its functional roles, has little significance in many contemporary spaces. The decline of its earlier shared cultural values and lack of any other to replace these translates into an impoverishment of architecture’s deeper experience and significance. By evaluating the connections that exist between light and architecture, and, consequently, between light and man, a better comprehension can be attained of its present value and of its potential as a creative inspiration and as an agent of its expression. By tracing the relationship between light and architecture in Western culture, the forces that have shaped its significance are revealed. From agrarian cultures that connected closely to nature, to the anthropocentric modern era, the way light is treated in architecture has expressed the cultural relationship not only to the sun, to the light itself, but also to nature and to one’s own position within it. The understanding of this progression and the analysis of the contemporary episode of this narrative elucidates the current significance and approach to light in architecture. The profound focus on light by many individual architects and architectural writers acknowledges its importance in contemporary architecture, although its collective cultural significance remains uncertain. A broader conception of light’s significance and ways of integrating it more meaningfully with architecture can be derived from positioning three case studies as complementary to the contemporary episode of its story. These case studies – the tearoom of the Katsura Palace, Junichiro Tanizaki’s book In Praise of Shadows, and photographic series Colors of Shadow by Hiroshi Sugimoto – exhibit nuance and subtlety in consideration of light and shadows alike, illustrating a different approach and attitude to natural lighting. Light becomes more than an enriching physical phenomenon or agent of poetic evocation, it creates a deeper connection of man to his surroundings. Two designs – a house and a library – explore this connection and the potential of light to articulate dwelling. In these, the encounters with light and shadows are palpable and intrinsic to the architectural space fostering the ability to appreciate light and its attendant significance.

The conventional techniques of manufacturing large-size structures in a very large plate pose severe challenges in making microstructures. In contrast, semiconductor process that employs lithographic processes to form micro scale features is limited in its wafer size. In ordre to modify the defeat of shadow mask. This thesis propose to use TMAH anisotropic wet etching process and 2D- joining technique to fabricate silicon shadow mask. The potential of this technique would be significant for a very large plate beyond a wafer size with microstructures, and provides a new approach with a high replication and potentially low cost. In the numerical analysis, this study uses the finite element software, ANSYS, to simulate shadow mask with different size, material, and temperature displacement situation. The results shows the feasibility of silicon shadow mask used in the thermal evaporation process. It indicates that this design could have smoother pattern and reduce the limitation of Organic Light-Emitting Diode resolution.

Nel primo articolo, stimiamo l'economia sommersa di 49 paesi dal 1981 al 2005. Il nostro studio si basa sull'utilizzo dei consumi elettrici filtrati per i cambiamenti tecnologici e le variazioni nella quota del settore industriale. Contrariamente agli studi basati sul metodo MIMIC, noi otteniamo una riduzione nella dimensione dell'economia sommersa. Contrariamente a La Porta and Shleifer (2008), inoltre, identifichiamo misure di qualità istituzionale che sono significativamente correlate all'economia sommersa, pur controllando per il PIL pro-capite. L'economia non registrata non può, dunque, essere considerata una conseguenza del sotto sviluppo. Al contrario, l’attività economica sommersa è relazionata a specifici aspetti istituzionali che possono sopravvivere con la crescita economica. Inoltre, identifichiamo un forte effetto sostituzione tra il settore ufficiale e quello non ufficiale. Questo risultato ha importanti implicazioni sia per la convergenza dei redditi che per la relazione tra volatilità e crescita. Nel secondo articolo, analizziamo il ruolo di istituzioni, crescita e politiche nel determinare l’economia sommersa. La forte separazione tra assunti teorici sulle determinanti istituzionali del sommerso e le tecniche di misurazione utilizzate rappresenta il primo aspetto innovativo del lavoro. Sfruttando, inoltre, la dimensione time-series del panel, siamo in grado di meglio analizzare il nesso tra crescita del PIL ufficiale e dimensione relativa del sommerso. Il terzo aspetto innovativo dell’articolo si riferisce al contributo apportato al lungo dibattito circa il ruolo di istituzioni e politiche nel determinare i risultati economici. In terzo articolo, rovesciamo l’approccio standard tipicamente seguito nella letteratura relativa all’economia sommersa. Invece di utilizzare i dati sulla domanda di moneta per ottenere stime sulla dinamica del sommerso, analizziamo gli effetti di lungo periodo dell’economia non registrata sulla velocità di circolazione della moneta. Il nostro contributo è duplice: i) apportiamo un miglioramento alla letteratura sulle determinanti della velocità di circolazione della moneta; ii) testiamo indirettamente la credibilità delle stime del sommerso presentate nel primo articolo della tesi. / In the first paper, we estimate the unrecorded economy in 49 economies from 1981 to 2005. Our study is based on electricity consumption series which are filtered to account for technological change and for the changing weight of the energy-intensive industrial sector. In contrast with studies based on the MIMIC method, we obtain a reduction in the weight of the unobserved economy. Unlike La Porta and Shleifer (2008), we identify measures of institutional quality which are significantly related to the shadow economy even after controlling for per-capita GDP. Thus the shadow economy should not be dismissed as the unpleasant side effect of underdevelopment. Instead it is related to some specific institutional aspects that may well survive even when the economy reaches higher development stages. We identify strong substitution effects between official and unofficial sectors both in the long run and over the business cycle. This has important implications for income convergence and for the relationship between volatility and growth. In the second paper, we investigate the distinct roles played by institutions, growth and policies in determining the shadow economy. The sharp distinction between theoretical priors on the institutional determinants of the shadow economy and the technique used for its measurement is the first novel contribution of the paper. The second innovation is that, by exploiting the time series dimension of our panel, we are able to better investigate the link between official output growth and the relative size of shadow economy. The third innovation is that we can contribute to a long-standing controversy about the distinct roles of "institutions" and "policies" in determining economic outcomes. In the third paper we reverse the standard approach typically followed in the literature on the shadow economy. Instead of exploiting money demand data to extrapolate the dynamics of the shadow economy, we explore the long run effect of shadow economy measures – obtained independently from money demand functions - on money velocity. By doing this, the original contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we improve the understanding of money velocity determinants. Second, we provide an indirect test of the reliability of the estimates on the shadow economy presented in the first paper of the thesis.

Thesis (M.A.)--Zhongguo wen hua xue yuan, 1976. / Cover title. Reproduced from ms. copy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100).

Thesis (M.A.)--Zhongguo wen hua xue yuan, 1976. / Cover title. Reproduced from ms. copy. Bibliography: p. 99-100.

The central focus of this thesis is the dynamic interplay between light and shadow, with the intention of creating architectural spaces that evoke emotions. The research conducted in this thesis is rooted in the author's personal emotional experiences during the process of designing the space. The primary objective is to explore the impact of light on human emotions within spatial environments. Through these studies, the author endeavors to discover a common ground where light, shadow, architecture, and emotions intersect. Ultimately, the aim is to contribute valuable insights to the field of architecture, offering potential applications for the creation of more impactful and effective spatial environments. / Master of Architecture / Light, as a fundamental element of design, holds immense influence over individual's reactions to space and is indispensable for human existence. Human beings possess the ability to adapt and shape their environment according to their needs. It is crucial to comprehend the multifaceted nature of human beings, including their emotions and cognitive biases, at every stage of life. Through skillful manipulation of light, we can elicit authentic emotions and trigger physiological responses, establishing a deeper emotional connection between individuals and their surroundings. This thesis endeavors to explore the intricate interplay between human beings and their spatial environment, with a specific focus on lighting as the primary architectural element.

No description available.

No description available.

Long ago the stories common to men were clearly present in their architecture. Sculpture, mosaics, paintings, stained-glass windows, all blatantly told the beginning, the morals, the epics, and future of humanity. Today these elements have all but disappeared along with the stories that they told. One story still common to humanity is the act of death, transcending culture, nationality, or creed. The pages to follow disclose an architecture for the emotional state of mourning. The seven spaces of this architecture exist in three dimensions: the narrative, the emotive, and sacred. / Master of Architecture