Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DaviMSBL_DISSERT.pdf: 4742258 bytes, checksum: 95c358d84716a6d20ba53990ae56c3f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The world has many types of oil that have a range of values of density and viscosity, these are characteristics to identify whether an oil is light, heavy or even ultraheavy. The occurrence of heavy oil has increased significantly and pointing to a need for greater investment in the exploitation of deposits and therefore new methods to recover that oil. There are economic forecasts that by 2025, the heavy oil will be the main source of fossil energy in the world. One such method is the use of solvent vaporized VAPEX which is known as a recovery method which consists of two horizontal wells parallel to each other, with a gun and another producer, which uses as an injection solvent that is vaporized in order to reduce the viscosity of oil or bitumen, facilitating the flow to the producing well. This method was proposed by Dr. Roger Butler, in 1991. The importance of this study is to analyze how the influence some operational reservoir and parameters are important in the process VAPEX, such as accumulation of oil produced in the recovery factor in flow injection and production rate. Parameters such as flow injection, spacing between wells, type of solvent to be injected, vertical permeability and oil viscosity were addressed in this study. The results showed that the oil viscosity is the parameter that showed statistically significant influence, then the choice of Heptane solvent to be injected showed a greater recovery of oil compared to other solvents chosen, considering the spacing between the wells was shown that for a greater distance between the wells to produce more oil / Existem no mundo diversos tipos de ?leo que apresentam uma diversidade de valores de densidade e viscosidade, essas s?o caracter?sticas para identificar se um ?leo ? leve, pesado ou at? mesmo ultrapesado. A ocorr?ncia de ?leo pesado vem aumentando sensivelmente e apontando uma necessidade de maiores investimentos na explora??o de jazidas e consequentemente em novos m?todos de recupera??o desse ?leo. Existem previs?es econ?micas de que, para o ano 2025, o ?leo pesado seja a principal fonte de energia f?ssil no mundo. Um desses novos m?todos seria a utiliza??o de solvente vaporizado conhecido como VAPEX que ? um m?todo de recupera??o que consiste em dois po?os horizontais paralelos entre si, sendo um injetor e outro produtor, que utiliza como inje??o solvente vaporizado que tem com o prop?sito reduzir a viscosidade do ?leo ou betume, facilitando o escoamento at? o po?o produtor. Esse m?todo foi proposto por Dr. Roger Butler, em 1991. A import?ncia do presente estudo ? analisar como influenciam alguns par?metros operacionais e de reservat?rio, importantes no processo VAPEX, tais como o acumulo de ?leo produzido, no fator de recupera??o, na vaz?o de inje??o e na taxa de produ??o. Par?metros como vaz?o de inje??o, espa?amento entre os po?os, tipo do solvente a ser injetado, permeabilidade vertical e a viscosidade do ?leo foram abordados neste estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a viscosidade do ?leo foi o par?metro que mais mostrou influ?ncia significativa estatisticamente, em seguida a escolha do Heptano como solvente a ser injetado mostrou uma maior recupera??o de ?leo em rela??o aos demais solventes escolhidos. Considerando o espa?amento entre os po?os, foi mostrado que para uma maior dist?ncia entre os po?os h? uma maior produ??o de ?leo

Using the famous Teapot Dome oil field in Casper, Wyoming, USA as a test case, we demonstrate how high-resolution compressional (P) and horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave seismic reflection surveys can overcome the limitations of conventional 3D seismic data in resolving small-scale structures in the very shallow subsurface (< 100-200 m (~328-656 ft)). We accomplish this by using small CMP intervals (5 ft and 2.5 ft, respectively) and a higher frequency source. The integration of the two high-resolution seismic methods enhances the detection and mapping of fine-scale deformation and stratigraphic features at shallow depth that cannot be imaged by conventional seismic methods. Further, when these two high-resolution seismic methods are integrated with 3D data, correlated drill hole logs, and outcrop mapping and trenching, a clearer picture of both very shallow reservoirs and the relationship between deep and shallow faults can be observed. For example, we show that the Shannon reservoir, which is the shallowest petroleum reservoir at Teapot Dome (depth to the top of this interval ranging from 76-198 m (250-650 ft)) can only be imaged properly with high-resolution seismic methods. Further, northeast-striking faults are identified in shallow sections within Teapot Dome. The strike of these faults is approximately orthogonal to the hinge of Teapot Dome. These faults are interpreted as fold accommodation faults. Vertical displacements across these faults range from 10 to 40 m (~33 to 131 ft), which could potentially partition the Shannon reservoir. The integration of 3D and high-resolution P-wave seismic interpretation helped us determine that some of the northeast-striking faults relate to deeper faults. This indicates that some deeper faults that are orthogonal to the fold hinge cut through the shallow Shannon reservoir. Such an observation would be important for understanding the effect on fluid communication between the deep and shallow reservoirs via these faults. Furthermore, the high-resolution seismic data provide a means to better constrain the location of faults mapped from drill hole logs. Relocation of theses faults may require re-evaluation of well locations as some attic oil may have not been drained in some Shannon blocks by present well locations. Therefore our study demonstrates how conventional 3D seismic data require additional seismic acquisition at smaller scales in order to image deformation in shallow reservoirs. Such imaging becomes critical in cases of shallow reservoirs where it is important to define potential problems associated with compartmentalization of primary production, hazard mitigation, enhanced oil recovery, or carbon sequestration.