This thesis is focused on the objective: How can the city's transport system and land use be coordinated and stakeholder collaboration be developed, to make the proportion of environmentally sustainable shopping trips increase? Trading and transportation in the town has been developed so that consumer’s traffic dependence has increased and the elderly, children and people without cars have got poorer accessibility to basic services. The consequences in terms of increased car use is negative for environmentally sustainable development. The premise of this thesis is three questions; What knowledge is there in Sweden and internationally on travel and shopping habits? What is the individual's behavior and what determines the choice of travel mode when doing purchasing trips? How does corporations and national, regional and local public agencies coordinate their decision-making? The aim of the thesis is to analyze and discuss how trade and the transportation system can be coordinated and developed to contribute to attractive and environmentally sustainable trade structures. Given this aim it was an important focus of the thesis to study and analyze how the forms of collaboration between stakeholders can be developed A review and analysis is made of the theoretical and practical aspects of individuals' behavior and how collaboration in decision-making can be developed and enhanced. The driving forces behind the emergence of today's trading structures are analyzed as well as their ability to influence society's conditions for increased durability. The state of knowledge is reported when it comes to travel- and purchasing-habits in Sweden and internationally, as well as the observed and projected impacts on traffic and the development of sustainability. Case studies from semi-central business establishments in Nacka, Falun and Umeå with 578 interviews of consumers and nine interviews with stakeholders handling trade in the case study locations, is reported. Results from a Web Panel with 1 839 web interviews with the same issues as in the case studies, but across the country, is described. The final chapters discusses the three questions and the objective and in the final discussion is the most important points highlighted regarding the development of trade in a sustainable and attractive city. A methodology for creating a sustainable trade policy in a municipality as well as a detailed account of the current state description, case studies and web-based survey is reported in the appendices. / <p>QC 20151002</p>

Le marché du stockage de l'énergie est en perpétuelle expansion, tant pour les applications nomades que fixes. Afin de répondre aux exigences requises pour les diverses applications (appareils électroniques, véhicules hybrides et électriques, stockage des énergies renouvelables…), des batteries toujours plus performantes, compactes et légères doivent être développées. Pour cela, les batteries utilisant du lithium métallique en tant qu'anode sont les plus attractives en termes de densités d'énergies. Néanmoins, l'utilisation d'électrolytes liquides conventionnels, généralement des solvants organiques inflammables, dans de tels dispositifs soulève des problématiques de sécurité. Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit concernent l'étude de matériaux vitreux pouvant être utilisés en tant qu'électrolyte solide afin de permettre le développement de batteries tout-solide sûres et performantes. Des verres de sulfures au lithium, attractifs pour leurs propriétés de conduction ionique, sont étudiés et caractérisés. Les propriétés de conduction ionique dans les verres étant toujours mal comprises et sujettes à controverses, l'analyse structurale des verres présente ici un réel intérêt pour une meilleure compréhension des corrélations entre structure et propriétés. Un effort de recherche a donc été porté sur l'étude de l'ordre local dans les verres préparés via différentes techniques d'analyse structurale complémentaires. Enfin, les matériaux vitreux, sont de manière générale relativement faciles à mettre en forme. Les verres étudiés dans ce manuscrit peuvent alors également être utilisés en tant qu'électrolytes sous forme de couches minces dans les micro-batteries. Des premiers essais de dépôts par pulvérisation cathodique RF magnétron de couches minces conductrices ont donc été effectués et constituent la première brique à la fabrication de micro-batteries. / The energy storage market is in constant growth for both portable and stationary applications. To satisfy the requirements of various applications (electronic devices, hybrid-electric vehicles, renewable energy storage…), always more efficient, more compact and lightweight batteries have to be developed. Then, thanks to their high energy densities, batteries using Li metal anodes are the most promising to complete this challenge. However, the use of conventional liquid electrolytes raises safety issues, mainly related to the flammability of the organic liquid. In this thesis, glassy materials, exhibiting great interest towards developing solid electrolytes are considered and might enable the development of safe and efficient all-solid-state batteries. Here, Li-sulfide glasses, attractive for their ionic conduction properties, have been studied and characterized. The ionic conduction properties of glasses are still misunderstood and controversial, the structural investigation of glasses is of great interest in order to get a better understanding of structure-properties relationship. Then, the short and intermediate range order of prepared glasses have been investigated by the mean of various complementary structural analysis techniques. Finally, glassy materials are usually quite easy to shape. Thus, studied glasses in this thesis can also be used as thin-film electrolytes in microbatteries. First tests of sputtering of conducting thin-films have been performed by RF magnetron sputtering and constitute a first step in order to design microbatteries.