O aumento da vida em fadiga em peças submetidas a esforços cíclicos devido à aplicação de processos de tratamento mecânico superficial já é bastante conhecido, tanto no meio industrial quanto no meio acadêmico. Para molas, o processo de shot-peening se torna etapa essencial no processo de fabricação, porém um estudo sistemático do efeito do shot-peening na vida em fadiga se faz necessário. O objetivo deste trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento nos processos de jateamento superficial do tipo shot-peening para molas em lâminas de veículos, através da análise de tensões residuais por difração de raios-x e ensaios de fadiga em uma série de amostras que sofreram dez diferentes receitas de processos de jateamento. Dos dez diferentes processos, o de jateamento com granalha esférica fundida de aço com 1,0mm de diâmetro seguido de um segundo jateamento com granalha esférica fundida de aço de 0,3mm de diâmetro levou a uma maior vida em fadiga das amostras. A análise por difração de raios-x comprovou que a importância das tensões residuais de compressão se dá até a uma profundidade de 0,05mm, influenciando diretamente no modo de nucleação de trincas de fadiga. Acima desta profundidade, as tensões residuais induzidas por shot-peening não têm influência no modo de propagação destas trincas, e por consequência na vida em fadiga das peças. Correlações entre os resultados e a alta dureza e diminuída ductilidade do material utilizado são discutidas. / The improvement of fatigue life in parts subjected to cyclic stresses by application of mechanical surface treatment processes is already well known, both in the industry and in the academy. Dealing with automotive springs, the shot peening process becomes an essential step in manufacturing these parts. In the case of leaf springs, however, a systematic investigation of the effect of shot peening on fatigue life is still required. The aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of shot peening on leaf springs for vehicles, through the analysis of residual stresses by x-ray diffraction and fatigue tests on a series of samples that were subjected to ten different peening schedules. Among the investigated processes, the usage of 1.0 mm diameter cast steel shot followed by a second peening with 0.3 mm diameter cast steel shot leads to better performance, regarding fatigue life. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that this improved performance may be attributed to residual compressive stress maintained until a depth of 0.05 mm below the surface, which directly influences the fatigue crack nucleation. Residual stresses induced by shot-peening in larger depths, have no influence on sample fatigue life, showing that crack propagation is not affected by the induced residual stresses. Consequently, the durability of parts is improved by shot-peening exclusively due to this influence on crack nucleation at samples surface. Correlations with the increased hardness and decreased ductility of the employed material are discussed.

Peen forming é um processo de conformação plástica a frio de laminas ou painéis metálicos através do impacto de um jato regulado de pequenas esferas de aço em sua superfície, a fim de produzir uma curvatura pré-determinada. A aplicação da técnica de shot peening como um processo de conformação já é conhecida da indústria desde a década de 1940, mas a demanda crescente por produtos de grande confiabilidade tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas visando o seu aperfeiçoamento e automação. . O planejamento do processo de peen forming requer medição e controle de diversas variáveis relacionadas à dinâmica do jato de granalhas e à sua interação com o material a ser conformado. Conforme demonstrado por diversos autores, a velocidade de impacto é uma das variáveis que mais contribui para a formação do campo de tensões residuais que leva o material a se curvar. Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo dinâmico simplificado que descreve o movimento de um grande número de pequenas esferas arrastadas por um fluxo de ar em regime permanente e sujeitas a múltiplas colisões entre si e com a peça a ser conformada. Simulações deste modelo permitiram identificar a correlação entre o campo de velocidades das granalhas e os demais parâmetros do processo. Mediante a aplicação da técnica de projeto de experimentos pôde-se estimar os valores dos parâmetros que otimizam o processo. Ao final, elaborou-se um algoritmo que permite realizar o planejamento de processos de peen forming, ou seja, determinar os valores desses parâmetros, de modo tal a produzir uma curvatura pré-determinada em uma placa metálica originalmente plana. / Peen forming is a plastic cold work process of shaping a metallic sheet or panel through the impact of a regulated blast of small round steel shots on its surface, in order to produce a previously desired curvature. The application of the shot peening as a forming process has been a known technique in the industry since the decade of 1940, but the increasing demand for products of high reliability have pushed the development of new research in order to enhance and automate it. Peen forming process planning requires the measurement and control of several variables concerning the dynamics of the shot jet and its interaction with the piece to be shaped. As previously shown by several authors, impact velocity is one of the variables that most contribute to the development of the residual stress field that causes the material to bend. In this article we present a simplified dynamical model describing the motion of a large number of small spheres (shot) dragged by an air flow in steady conditions and exposed to multiple collisions with each other and with the piece to be shaped. Computer simulations of this model allowed to identify correlations between the shot field velocity and the parameters of the process. Applying design of experiments techniques it was possible to estimate the value of parameters that optimize the process. It was, then, elaborated an algorithm that enables peen forming process planning, allowing the determination of the parameters, in order to make a predetermined bending in a metallic plate originally plane.

O aumento da vida em fadiga em peças submetidas a esforços cíclicos devido à aplicação de processos de tratamento mecânico superficial já é bastante conhecido, tanto no meio industrial quanto no meio acadêmico. Para molas, o processo de shot-peening se torna etapa essencial no processo de fabricação, porém um estudo sistemático do efeito do shot-peening na vida em fadiga se faz necessário. O objetivo deste trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento nos processos de jateamento superficial do tipo shot-peening para molas em lâminas de veículos, através da análise de tensões residuais por difração de raios-x e ensaios de fadiga em uma série de amostras que sofreram dez diferentes receitas de processos de jateamento. Dos dez diferentes processos, o de jateamento com granalha esférica fundida de aço com 1,0mm de diâmetro seguido de um segundo jateamento com granalha esférica fundida de aço de 0,3mm de diâmetro levou a uma maior vida em fadiga das amostras. A análise por difração de raios-x comprovou que a importância das tensões residuais de compressão se dá até a uma profundidade de 0,05mm, influenciando diretamente no modo de nucleação de trincas de fadiga. Acima desta profundidade, as tensões residuais induzidas por shot-peening não têm influência no modo de propagação destas trincas, e por consequência na vida em fadiga das peças. Correlações entre os resultados e a alta dureza e diminuída ductilidade do material utilizado são discutidas. / The improvement of fatigue life in parts subjected to cyclic stresses by application of mechanical surface treatment processes is already well known, both in the industry and in the academy. Dealing with automotive springs, the shot peening process becomes an essential step in manufacturing these parts. In the case of leaf springs, however, a systematic investigation of the effect of shot peening on fatigue life is still required. The aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of shot peening on leaf springs for vehicles, through the analysis of residual stresses by x-ray diffraction and fatigue tests on a series of samples that were subjected to ten different peening schedules. Among the investigated processes, the usage of 1.0 mm diameter cast steel shot followed by a second peening with 0.3 mm diameter cast steel shot leads to better performance, regarding fatigue life. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that this improved performance may be attributed to residual compressive stress maintained until a depth of 0.05 mm below the surface, which directly influences the fatigue crack nucleation. Residual stresses induced by shot-peening in larger depths, have no influence on sample fatigue life, showing that crack propagation is not affected by the induced residual stresses. Consequently, the durability of parts is improved by shot-peening exclusively due to this influence on crack nucleation at samples surface. Correlations with the increased hardness and decreased ductility of the employed material are discussed.

Power generation in thermal stations typically relies on large steam turbines. The corrosion resistant steel blades used in the last stage of a typical low pressure rotor set are approximately 1m long and experience high centrifugal loading during service. They operate in a wet steam environment, at approximately 60°C while rotating at 3000rpm, and failure modes include high and low cycle fatigue, stress corrosion cracking or corrosion fatigue. The blades are retained by a fir tree root which is normally shot-peened to generate compressive residual stresses that resist crack initiation. Finite element (FE) modelling has indicated that, in the absence of shot-peening, stresses above yield are induced at the fir tree root during operation. In a shot-peened blade these lead to relaxation of the shot peening residual stresses. To date, no systematic information has been obtained on the level of residual stresses induced in the fir tree by shot-peening and their subsequent relaxation during service loading, nor are there any guidelines as to the magnitude of residual stresses necessary to ensure integrity of the turbine over a life span of at least twenty years. At least one of these blades has suffered catastrophic failure in recent years causing severe damage, in excess of €100M, to the turbine-generator set on a South African power station [1]. This thesis reports results from a comprehensive program of residual stress measurements at the shot-peened fir tree roots of service blades, and in specimens that simulate the root conditions, using diffraction data from laboratory and synchrotron X-ray radiation (SXRD). Shot-peening coverage between 75% and 200% was used and stresses were measured over a depth of 5mm into the blades/specimens. Measurements were made in the as-peened condition and after applying cyclic stresses representative of overspeed proof testing and of service operation. The results were used to calibrate FE modelling of residual stresses and as input into fatigue life prediction.

A liga de alumínio 6082 apresenta de média para alta resistência mecânica e é de grande importância no mercado de perfis extrudados. O processo de jateamento com granalha de aço em componentes automotivos e aeronáuticos, visando induzir uma condição otimizada de tensão residual de compressão na superfície, tem se mostrado eficaz na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas em fadiga desses componentes. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos do jateamento com granalhas de aço na tensão residual e no comportamento mecânico em fadiga da liga de alumínio 6082 solubilizada e envelhecida artificialmente. Inicialmente foram feitos tratamentos térmicos de solubilização e envelhecimento artificial visando a determinação da melhor condição em termos de resistência mecânica da liga de alumínio 6082. A seguir foram realizados experimentos com diversos tipos de granalhas esféricas de aço e em condições variadas de jateamento (velocidade de rotação e tempo), definindo-se a melhor condição de tensão residual medida por difração de raios x. Ensaios de fadiga em corpos de prova jateados com granalha de aço na melhor condição de tensão residual foram executados em máquina flexo-rotativa e comparados com os resultados do material sem jateamento. A melhor condição de tensão residual ocorreu em decorrência do jateamento com o uso da granalha de aço S170PEE, rotação da turbina à 2500 rpm e tempo de exposição de 1 minuto. A curva de tensão residual em profundidade para a condição escolhida apresentou resultados coerentes somente até 76 μm devido à presença de grãos grandes em profundidades superiores a esta. As curvas S-N mostraram que houve um ganho na vida em fadiga em tensões elevadas e baixo número de ciclos para romper devido jateamento com granalha de aço. Ao contrário, ocorreu um efeito deletério na vida em fadiga em tensões baixas e número de ciclos elevados para romper, devido à influência do aumento da rugosidade em ensaios de fadiga mais longos. / Aluminum alloy 6082 exhibits medium to high strength and is widely used as extruded products. Shot peening of automobile and aircraft components, carried out to induce optimum residual compressive stress on the surface, improves fatigue properties of these components. In this context, the aim of this investigation was to study the effects of shot peening on the residual stress and fatigue behavior of solution treated and artificially aged 6082 aluminum alloy. Initially, solution treatment and artificial ageing of this alloy were carried out to determine the best conditions in terms of alloy strength. Subsequently, experiments were carried out with different types of spherical steel shots, under a variety of peening conditions (rotation speed and duration), to define the best set of conditions to increase residual stress that was measured using x-ray diffraction. Fatigue tests were carried out using a rotating-bending machine on shot peened specimens that had the highest residual stress. These results were compared with those of specimens that were not shot peened. The highest residual stress was observed when peening was done with S170PEE steel shots, at 2500 rpm for 1 minute. The variation in residual stress as a function of depth, for the above-mentioned peening conditions, was coherent only up to a depth of 76 μm and attributable to the presence of large grains at depths higher than this. The S-N curves revealed an increase in fatigue life at high stresses and at low cycles to failure and attributed to shot peening. Contrary to this, a deleterious effect in terms of reduction in fatigue life was observed at low stresses and at high cycles to failure, due to increase in surface roughness of the specimens during the extended fatigue tests.

O jateamento com granalha (shot peening) é um processo mecânico a frio onde um jato de granalhas é impelido contra a superfície dos componentes. Cada impacto provoca deformação plástica e introduz tensões residuais de compressão na superfície, as quais aumentam a sua resistência à fadiga. Este tratamento é muito usado na indústria automotiva, particularmente no tratamento de molas automotivas devido à alta solicitação a carregamentos cíclicos. Uma variante aprimorada deste processo, exclusivo para molas automotivas planas, é o jateamento com granalha sob tensão (stress peening) onde é imposta uma pré-carga de flexão na mola que aumenta a intensidade do processo. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas as modelagens numéricas, usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), do jateamento com granalha e do jateamento com granalha sob tensão, ambos aplicados a molas automotivas, para analisar o campo de tensões residuais induzido. Os modelos numéricos desenvolvidos contemplam: análise dinâmica explícita, modelagem tridimensional de múltiplos impactos de granalha numa superfície plana, avaliação da velocidade real das granalhas, atrito entre as superfícies de contato, propriedades mecânicas do aço ABNT 5160 (molas automotivas), encruamento do material e sensibilidade do material às altas taxas de deformação. A partir dos resultados da modelagem foram avaliados: o progresso da cobertura ao longo do tempo da aplicação dos múltiplos impactos de granalha, as tensões residuais, as deformações elásticas e as deformações plásticas resultantes induzidas pelo jateamento. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um programa experimental para introdução e avaliação das tensões residuais em duas molas parabólicas automotivas, uma delas submetida ao jateamento com granalha e a outra submetida ao jateamento com granalha sob tensão. A avaliação experimental das tensões residuais foi desenvolvida usando as técnicas de difração de raios-X e do furo incremental cego. Os resultados das modelagens numéricas são corroborados com as medições experimentais e com os resultados experimentais e numérico-computacionais obtidos por outros autores. Finalmente, algumas conclusões são inferidas diante da análise comparativa entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais. / The shot peening is a cold-working mechanical process where a stream of tiny small balls is impelled against the surface of components. Each impact causes plastic deformation and introduces compressive residual stresses on the surface, which consequently increases their resistance to fatigue. This process is widely used in the automotive industry, particularly in the treatment of automotive springs due to high cyclic loads required. An improved variant of the shot peening process for leaf springs is the stress peening, in which a flexion pre-load is imposed to bend the spring while a conventional shot peening process is applied, resulting in an increase in the intensity of the process. In this work, numerical models of the shot peening and the stress peening process were created to be applied to automotive leaf springs. To analyze the induced residual stress field the finite elements method was used. Numerical models include: dynamic explicit formulation, three-dimensional modeling of multiple impacts of balls on a plane target, the calculation of the real shot speed, friction between the contact areas, mechanical properties of ABNT 5160 steel (for automotive leaf springs), plastic work of the material and high strain rate sensitivity of the material. The indentation coverage progress over the analyzed area, the residual stresses, the remaining elastic and plastic strains induced by the shot peening were evaluated from the modeling. In this work an experimental programme was carried out to introduce and to evaluate residual stresses in one automotive leaf spring submitted to conventional shot peening and another submitted to stress peening. The experimental evaluation of the residual stresses was done using X-ray diffraction and incremental hole drilling techniques. Results for the numerical model are compared to the experimental measurements and the experimental measurement, as well as to numerical modeling results obtained by other authors. Finally, conclusions are drawn after comparing the numerical results to experimental ones.

<div>Magnesium alloys are regarded as the most promising structure materials in transportation and aerospace fields because of their low densities and high specific strengths. However, the unsatisfactory mechanical performance and corrosion resistance restrict their applications. Grain refinement is an effective way to improve the mechanical properties and widen the applications. Among which, ultrasonic shot peening shows a great potential in producing refined grains or even nanocrystalline. A nanocrystalline forms at the surface after ultrasonic shot peening treatment. The formed nanocrystalline has been proved to dramatically affect the mechanical properties, such as hardness, mechanical stress, wear resistance and fatigue life. </div><div><br></div><div> </div><div>In this dissertation, the microstructure evolution of AZ31 Mg alloy after the ultrasonic shot peening as well as its effect on the mechanical properties are investigated. The grain size, the twin structure, the surface roughness and the residual stress distribution after ultrasonic shot peening are characterized. A gradient nanostructure is achieved through ultrasonic shot peening and the thickness of this gradient nanostructure increases with prolonging the treated time. The grains at the top surface after 5 min treatment is refined to 45 nm and further refined to 42 nm for 10 min and 37nm for 15 min treatment from the XRD result. A lamellar nanocrystaline is below the top surface and a lot of tensile twins are found at the heavily deformed grains below the nanocrystalline layer. Below the twinned layer, a residual stress is distributed as deep as 400 $\mu$m in the matrix. A rough surface is obtained and the surface roughness of the 5 min treated sample was 5.934 $\mu$m, increased to 6.161 $\mu$m for10 min and 6.236 $\mu$m for 15 min. The nanocrystalline leads to the improvement of the microhardness, from 65 HV of the as-received to 123 HV, 127 HV and 145 HV for 5 min, 10 min and 15 min treatment, respectively. The tensile stress and compression stress are also improved remarkably. The yield stress is increased from 127.7 MPa of as-received to 198 MPa of 10 min treated sample and the compression stress is improved from 73 MPa to 100 MPa. The improved yield stress is attributed to the grain refinement and the work hardening of the nanocrystalline. </div><div><br></div><div> </div><div> </div><div>The wear resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy is improved greatly after ultrasonic shot peening process. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate of the ultrasonic shot peening treated sample are both lower than that of as-received. The width of the wear track of ultrasonic shot peening treated is also narrower than that of as-received, and the worn surface has a lower surface roughness. In as-received samples, abrasion and oxidation dominate the wear mechanism at low sliding speed and low applied load. The increase of sliding speed or applied load resulted in the delamination. Severe wear such as thermal softening happens with the further increase of load value or sliding speed. In ultrasonic shot peening treated samples, oxidation, the abrasion and delamination are also existing while no severe wear is found. The improved wear resistance of the ultrasonic shot peened sample is due to the improved hardness and a higher activity of oxidation during wear process. The nanocrystalline on the top surface leads to the the transition boundary between the mild wear and severe wear to a higher sliding speed and higher applied load. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>The corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy before and after ultrasonic shot peening is tested in 3.5 $\%$ NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance after ultrasonic shot peening is reduced greatly because of the Fe particles at the top surface, which was exfoliated from the shot during the treating process. After a 40 $\mu$m thick polishing, Fe particles are removed totally and the corrosion resistance is improved, compared with that of as-received. The anodic current density of the nanocrystallized surface after polishing is reduced because of the compression residual stress and a rapid formation of protective layer. Meanwhile, the grain boundary acts as a physical barrier for corrosion and reduces the corrosion rate. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>The bending behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy before and after ultrasonic shot peening is studied by a V-bending test. The ultrasonic shot peening treated sample has a similar bending performance even though the ductility has been reduced after ultrasonic shot peening. A single side ultrasonic shot peening (either at the inner side or the outer side) changed the bending behavior because of its asymmetric structure. The ultrasonic shot peening at the inner side for 5 min improves the bendability and longer treated, such as 10 min and 15 min degenerates the bendability to as-received. The improved bendability of 5 min treated sample is due to the drawing back of the neutral layer. The ultrasonic shot peening at the outer side for 5 min also improves the bending performance and a longer treatment of 15 min further enhanced the bendability. The improved bendability after outer side treatment is due to the high yield stress of nanocrystalline at the convex, resulting in the smaller strain here. </div>

A liga de alumínio 6082 apresenta de média para alta resistência mecânica e é de grande importância no mercado de perfis extrudados. O processo de jateamento com granalha de aço em componentes automotivos e aeronáuticos, visando induzir uma condição otimizada de tensão residual de compressão na superfície, tem se mostrado eficaz na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas em fadiga desses componentes. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos do jateamento com granalhas de aço na tensão residual e no comportamento mecânico em fadiga da liga de alumínio 6082 solubilizada e envelhecida artificialmente. Inicialmente foram feitos tratamentos térmicos de solubilização e envelhecimento artificial visando a determinação da melhor condição em termos de resistência mecânica da liga de alumínio 6082. A seguir foram realizados experimentos com diversos tipos de granalhas esféricas de aço e em condições variadas de jateamento (velocidade de rotação e tempo), definindo-se a melhor condição de tensão residual medida por difração de raios x. Ensaios de fadiga em corpos de prova jateados com granalha de aço na melhor condição de tensão residual foram executados em máquina flexo-rotativa e comparados com os resultados do material sem jateamento. A melhor condição de tensão residual ocorreu em decorrência do jateamento com o uso da granalha de aço S170PEE, rotação da turbina à 2500 rpm e tempo de exposição de 1 minuto. A curva de tensão residual em profundidade para a condição escolhida apresentou resultados coerentes somente até 76 &mu;m devido à presença de grãos grandes em profundidades superiores a esta. As curvas S-N mostraram que houve um ganho na vida em fadiga em tensões elevadas e baixo número de ciclos para romper devido jateamento com granalha de aço. Ao contrário, ocorreu um efeito deletério na vida em fadiga em tensões baixas e número de ciclos elevados para romper, devido à influência do aumento da rugosidade em ensaios de fadiga mais longos. / Aluminum alloy 6082 exhibits medium to high strength and is widely used as extruded products. Shot peening of automobile and aircraft components, carried out to induce optimum residual compressive stress on the surface, improves fatigue properties of these components. In this context, the aim of this investigation was to study the effects of shot peening on the residual stress and fatigue behavior of solution treated and artificially aged 6082 aluminum alloy. Initially, solution treatment and artificial ageing of this alloy were carried out to determine the best conditions in terms of alloy strength. Subsequently, experiments were carried out with different types of spherical steel shots, under a variety of peening conditions (rotation speed and duration), to define the best set of conditions to increase residual stress that was measured using x-ray diffraction. Fatigue tests were carried out using a rotating-bending machine on shot peened specimens that had the highest residual stress. These results were compared with those of specimens that were not shot peened. The highest residual stress was observed when peening was done with S170PEE steel shots, at 2500 rpm for 1 minute. The variation in residual stress as a function of depth, for the above-mentioned peening conditions, was coherent only up to a depth of 76 &mu;m and attributable to the presence of large grains at depths higher than this. The S-N curves revealed an increase in fatigue life at high stresses and at low cycles to failure and attributed to shot peening. Contrary to this, a deleterious effect in terms of reduction in fatigue life was observed at low stresses and at high cycles to failure, due to increase in surface roughness of the specimens during the extended fatigue tests.

O jateamento com granalha (shot peening) é um processo mecânico a frio onde um jato de granalhas é impelido contra a superfície dos componentes. Cada impacto provoca deformação plástica e introduz tensões residuais de compressão na superfície, as quais aumentam a sua resistência à fadiga. Este tratamento é muito usado na indústria automotiva, particularmente no tratamento de molas automotivas devido à alta solicitação a carregamentos cíclicos. Uma variante aprimorada deste processo, exclusivo para molas automotivas planas, é o jateamento com granalha sob tensão (stress peening) onde é imposta uma pré-carga de flexão na mola que aumenta a intensidade do processo. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas as modelagens numéricas, usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), do jateamento com granalha e do jateamento com granalha sob tensão, ambos aplicados a molas automotivas, para analisar o campo de tensões residuais induzido. Os modelos numéricos desenvolvidos contemplam: análise dinâmica explícita, modelagem tridimensional de múltiplos impactos de granalha numa superfície plana, avaliação da velocidade real das granalhas, atrito entre as superfícies de contato, propriedades mecânicas do aço ABNT 5160 (molas automotivas), encruamento do material e sensibilidade do material às altas taxas de deformação. A partir dos resultados da modelagem foram avaliados: o progresso da cobertura ao longo do tempo da aplicação dos múltiplos impactos de granalha, as tensões residuais, as deformações elásticas e as deformações plásticas resultantes induzidas pelo jateamento. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um programa experimental para introdução e avaliação das tensões residuais em duas molas parabólicas automotivas, uma delas submetida ao jateamento com granalha e a outra submetida ao jateamento com granalha sob tensão. A avaliação experimental das tensões residuais foi desenvolvida usando as técnicas de difração de raios-X e do furo incremental cego. Os resultados das modelagens numéricas são corroborados com as medições experimentais e com os resultados experimentais e numérico-computacionais obtidos por outros autores. Finalmente, algumas conclusões são inferidas diante da análise comparativa entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais. / The shot peening is a cold-working mechanical process where a stream of tiny small balls is impelled against the surface of components. Each impact causes plastic deformation and introduces compressive residual stresses on the surface, which consequently increases their resistance to fatigue. This process is widely used in the automotive industry, particularly in the treatment of automotive springs due to high cyclic loads required. An improved variant of the shot peening process for leaf springs is the stress peening, in which a flexion pre-load is imposed to bend the spring while a conventional shot peening process is applied, resulting in an increase in the intensity of the process. In this work, numerical models of the shot peening and the stress peening process were created to be applied to automotive leaf springs. To analyze the induced residual stress field the finite elements method was used. Numerical models include: dynamic explicit formulation, three-dimensional modeling of multiple impacts of balls on a plane target, the calculation of the real shot speed, friction between the contact areas, mechanical properties of ABNT 5160 steel (for automotive leaf springs), plastic work of the material and high strain rate sensitivity of the material. The indentation coverage progress over the analyzed area, the residual stresses, the remaining elastic and plastic strains induced by the shot peening were evaluated from the modeling. In this work an experimental programme was carried out to introduce and to evaluate residual stresses in one automotive leaf spring submitted to conventional shot peening and another submitted to stress peening. The experimental evaluation of the residual stresses was done using X-ray diffraction and incremental hole drilling techniques. Results for the numerical model are compared to the experimental measurements and the experimental measurement, as well as to numerical modeling results obtained by other authors. Finally, conclusions are drawn after comparing the numerical results to experimental ones.

Um dos possíveis modos de falha em engrenagens é relacionado com o carregamento cíclico e, por consequência, a ocorrência de fadiga. O início da falha por fadiga ocorre devido à intensificadores de tensão e é geralmente observado no pé do dente (fadiga de flexão) ou na região de contato na superfície do dente (fadiga de contato). Experimentos para avaliação da fadiga de contato em engrenagens são geralmente conduzidos em bancadas de teste e tem custos elevados. Um método alternativo de experimentação de fadiga de contato em engrenagens é avaliado neste trabalho, consistindo no rolamento de esferas sobre um plano (corpo de prova). Dois grupos de corpos de prova foram fabricados com características e propriedades superficiais semelhantes às da superfície do dente de engrenagens nas condições: a) sem shot-peening e b) com shot-peening. As diferentes características dos corpos de prova foram testadas utilizando um equipamento desenvolvido em trabalho anterior para avaliar a fadiga de contato de rolamento, que ocorre no diâmetro primitivo das engrenagens. Resultados indicaram a ocorrência de dois mecanismos de falha comumente encontrados em engrenagens: pitting e spalling, entretanto, o equipamento se mostrou incapaz de monitorar a ocorrência de pitting. Ademais, os corpos de prova com shot-peening apresentaram menor resistência à fadiga para as condições testadas, em desacordo com ensaios de bancada anteriores. Algumas hipóteses foram discutidas para prover justificativas relacionadas aos resultados obtidos. / One of the possible mechanisms of gear failure is related to the cyclic loading and, consequently, the fatigue occurrence. The onset of fatigue failure occurs due to stress intensifiers and it is generally observed on the fillet (bending fatigue) or on the tooth surface contact region (contact fatigue). Gear fatigue evaluation is usually carried out by test rigs, which are expensive. An alternative method of contact fatigue test of gears is evaluated in this work, which consists of balls rolling on a plane (specimen). Two groups of specimens were manufactured to obtain surface characteristics and properties like gears tooth\'s surface: a) without shot-peening and b) with shot-peening. The different features of specimens were tested by using an in house developed equipment to evaluate the rolling contact fatigue, which occurs on gears on its diametral pitch. Results indicate the occurrence of two failure modes: pitting and spalling, however, the equipment showed to be unable to monitor the occurrence of pitting. Also, the shot-peened group specimens presented lower fatigue life resistance for the analyzed conditions, which are not in agreement with previous rig tests. Some hypotheses were discussed to provide justifications related to the obtained results.