Současná pandemická situace ukázala obrovské dopady rozšíření infekce na společnost, i přesto stále ještě chybí jednotný přístup k problematice infekčního odpadu. Cílem této práce je představení metodiky nakládání s infekčním odpadem v rámci regionu v kontextu situace v Česku a Evropské Unii. V teoretické části práce je uveden legislativní rámec, charakter produkce, možnosti dekontaminace a podmínky spalování infekčního odpadu. Na základě těchto poznatků je navržena metodika pro nakládání s infekčním odpadem v rámci regionu. V praktické části práce je pak metodika aplikována na konkrétní region – Královéhradecký kraj. V rámci metodiky jsou navrženy možné scénáře nakládání s infekčním odpadem a vybrány nejvhodnější z nich z pohledu zdravotních rizik, rozpočtové zátěže a dopadu na životní prostředí. Na závěr je metodika kriticky zhodnocena a srovnána s metodikami jiných studií na podobné téma.

L’utilisation des plaquettes bois dans le secteur de l’énergie est en pleine croissance depuis les objectifs fixés par le grenelle de l’environnement. Cette utilisation croissante nécessite de plus en plus de matière première ainsi que des matériels de transformation. Ces machines de type déchiqueteuse / broyeur forestier consomme beaucoup d’énergie et dont la principale source est le pétrole. C’est pourquoi cette recherche propose dans un premier temps de définir un moyen d’évaluer la performance énergétique de ces machines puis dans un deuxième temps d’évaluer l’influence des paramètres de coupe sur la performance énergétique. Ce critère est défini comme le rapport entre la tonne de plaquettes sèches et l’énergie consommée par la déchiqueteuse. Il permettra d’évaluer une déchiqueteuse du marché. L’évaluation de la performance énergétique est réalisée en deux endroits distincts de la déchiqueteuse, proche de la coupe et de manière globale. Les différents résultats de l’influence des paramètres de coupe sont présentés afin de caractériser les plus importants dans le but d’une optimisation de la machine étudiée. Cette optimisation a permis de doubler la performance énergétique de la machine. La thèse a également mis en évidence les limites de l’utilisation de certains organes de sécurité réduisant la performance énergétique de 40%. Les différents travaux de recherche doivent permettre d’aider les concepteurs dans le dimensionnement de la source d’énergie nécessaire pour déchiqueter le bois / Consumption of fuelwood, mainly in the form of wood chips, is growing to achieve the goal fixed by the “Grenelle de l’Environment” Laws. Increasing wood chip production needs more and more raw materials and use of wood chippers or shredders is well established. These machines are very energy-consuming particularly in gasoline. First, this thesis presents original methods for measuring chipper performance and focuses on influence of cutting parameters on energy efficiency. Wood chipper energy performance is defined by the ratio between tonnes of dry wood chips and power consumed by the machine to produce them. Using energy efficiency determination method, all wood chippers will be compared and will help customer to choose the machine that consumes the least energy to produce wood chips. Wood chipper performance is measured at two different locations: one closer to the cutting area and the other at the wood chipper drive. The results show that wood chipper performance factor is properly defined and cutting parameters impacts wood chip performance. Cutting optimization halves the chipper fuel consumption to produce the same wood chips quantity. The results also show the limits of safeguard that reduce by 40% chipper performance. This thesis must help designers for developing more efficient machines to reduce their impact on the environment

Shredder fines are the materials with a particle size of less than 10 mm resulting from the shredding of vehicles and complex metal scrap from industries and municipalities. This waste is currently used as landfill construction material, but Stena Recycling wanted to know whether the bottom ash from the combustion of this waste could be useful to the cement industry, and whether it would be feasible to extract Cu and Zn from this ash. To determine this the shredder fines were combusted, and the generated bottom ash underwent chemical fractionation. The leachates from this were processed using MP-AES to obtain an elemental analysis of the ash. The uncombusted shredder fines had its moisture content and calorific value determined. The shredder fines had a moisture content of approximately 11%wt. Due to the heterogeneity of the shredder fines the calorific values varied significantly across the tested samples. The average value was 7.8 MJ/kg. The chemical fractionation showed that the elements in the ash are mostly insoluble in water and ammonium acetate, as the majority remained in the solid residue. This indicates that the ash is inert, and not susceptible to heavy metal leaching. The elemental analysis showed that there is a significant amount of Fe in the ash, with reasonable amounts of Cu and Zn. This project concluded that without additional processing the ash would not be suitable for the cement industry, and that there is potential for the recovery of Cu and Zn from the ash.

Wastes have a real potential as being players in the energy mix of tomorrow. They can have a high heating value depending on their composition, which makes them good candidates to be converted into liquid fuel via pyrolysis. Among the different types of wastes, automotive residues are expected to rocket due to the increasing number of cars and the tendency to build cars with more and more polymers. Moreover, the existing regulations concerning the recycling of end-of-life vehicles become more and more stringent. Unconventional fuels such as those derived from automotive shredder residues (ASR) have a particular composition which tends to increase the amount of pollutants comparing with conventional fuels. Relying on alternative combustion modes, such as reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), is a solution to cope with these pollutants. In RCCI, two types of fuels are burned simultaneously, namely a light fraction with a low reactivity, and a heavy fraction with a high reactivity. The heavy fraction governs the ignition as it is injected directly in the cylinder close to the end of compression. A variation of its ignition delay could impact the quality of the combustion. Nevertheless, this issue can be tackled by adjusting the injection timing. As long as the low reactivity fuel is concerned, such a solution cannot be adopted as its reactivity depends on the initial parameters (equivalence ratio, inlet temperature, exhaust gas recirculation ratio). However, if the fuel is too reactive, it could create knock that have a dramatic impact on the engine, leading to damages. Thus, being able to predict its features is a key aspect for a safe usage. Predicting methods exist but had never been tested yet with fuels derived from automotive residues. With petroleum products, usual prediction methods stand at three different levels: the chemical composition, the properties, and the reactivity in an appliance. The fuel is studied at these three levels. First, the structure gives a good overview of the fuel auto-ignition. For instance, aromatics tend to have higher ignition delay time (IDT) than paraffins. Second, the octane numbers are good indicators of the fuel IDT and of the resistance toward knock. Precisely, the octane numbers depict the resistance of a fuel towards an end-gas auto-ignition. Last, the IDT was studied in a rapid compression machine and a surrogate fuel was formulated. Surrogate fuels substitute real fuels during simulations because real fuels cannot be modelled by kinetic mechanisms due to their complexity.The existing methods to estimate the composition were updated to predict the n-paraffin, iso-paraffin, olefin, napthene, aromatic and oxygenate(PIONAOx) fractions. A good accuracy was achieved compared with the literature. This new method requires the measurement of the specific gravity, of the distillation cut points, of the CHO atom fractions, of the kinematic viscosity and of the refractive index.Two methods to predict the octane numbers were developed based on Bayesian inference, principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN). The first is a Bayesian method which modifies the pseudocomponent (PC) method. It introduces a correcting factor which corrects the existing formulation of the PC method to increase its accuracy. A precision of more than 2% is achieved. The second method is based on PCA and ANN. 41 properties are studied among which reduced set of principal variables are selected to predict the octane numbers. 10 properties calculated only with the distillation cut points, the CHO atom fraction and the specific gravity were selected to accurately predict the octane numbers.Measurements of the IDT in a rapid compression machine (RCM) of a fuel produced from ASR were realized. They are the first measurements insuch a machine ever made. This provide experimental data to the literature. Moreover, these experimental data were used to formulate a surrogate fuel. Surrogate fuels can be used to realize simulations under specific conditions. The current thesis investigates fuels derived from ASR. It was showed that this fuel can be burnt in engines as long as their properties are carefully monitored. Among others, the IDT is particularly important. Nevertheless, additional experimental campaigns and simulations in engine are required in order to correctly assess all of the combustion features of such a fuel in an engine. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Aliar alta produtividade ao menor custo de processo é o principal desafio econômico de uma Aciaria Elétrica. Para isso, mudanças no processo almejando práticas que resultam em uma maior eficiência do FEA, com um menor custo envolvido, ocorrem constantemente. Este trabalho avalia um processo de FEA, com capacidade de 62 toneladas de aço, operando com carregamento de sucata metálica e ferro-gusa. Dois grupos de corridas de aço, pertencentes à dois cenários distintos, foram estudadas. Os cenários foram denominados Cenário I e Cenário II, sendo que, no segundo cenário ocorreram mudanças nas práticas de injeções de carbono e oxigênio, nas práticas de adição de cales no carregamento e mudanças na quantidade de Sucata Shredder no FEA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como essas mudanças influenciaram no processo. A composição química de aço e escória de dois padrões de carga (C e E) foi comparada entre os cenários. Verificou-se que a massa de escória diminuiu para os dois padrões de carga. Porém, a basicidade do padrão C foi reduzida de 2,5 para 2,1, enquanto para o padrão E manteve-se em 2,2 para os dois cenários. O MgO de saturação foi avaliado através de diagramas de saturação isotérmicos (ISD), e a maior parte das corridas do Cenário II ficaram acima da linha de saturação da escória. Houve uma redução de 30% do oxigênio injetado para os dois padrões e seus teores de fósforo no aço aumentaram significativamente. No entanto, apenas o padrão C teve uma variação nos teores de carbono no aço. A energia elétrica consumida mostrou-se dependente dos teores de FeO e MgO da escória. O padrão E apresentou um aumento significativo de 10 kWh/t. O rendimento metálico dos padrões C e E aumentou 3,59% e 2,22%, respectivamente. No Cenário II, o aumento da sucata Shredder no carregamento foi duas vezes maior. O Cenário II apresentou uma redução dos teores de cobre no aço para os dois padrões. As quantidades médias de injeção de carbono não tiveram variação significativa, por outro lado, através dos gráficos de distribuição, notou-se uma maior estabilidade nos valores de injeção. Para o padrão E observou-se uma quantidade mínima de ferro na escória para a razão global C/O de 0,75. Uma análise da razão das injeções de carbono e oxigênio durante o refino foi feita. Observou-se uma maior estabilidade das injeções ao longo do tempo de refino para o Cenário II em ambos os padrões. / Combine high productivity and lower costs is the main economical challenge of a steelmaking melt shop. Therefore, changes in the process aiming practices that result in higher efficiency of the EAF, with lower costs, occur frequently. This work evaluates an EAF process, with capacity of 62t of steel, operating with metal scrap and pig iron load. Two groups of steel heats that represents two distinct scenarios were studied. The scenarios were called Scenario I and Scenario II. In the Scenario II carbon and oxygen injection practices, limes loading practice and Shredder scrap loading amount were modified. The aim of the present work is analyze how these changes affected process parameters. The steel and slag chemical composition of two loading patterns (C and E) was compared on the scenarios. It was found that the slag mass reduces for both loading patterns. However, the basicity of the pattern C was reduced from 2.5 to 2.1 while the pattern E was maintained on 2.2 for both scenarios. The MgO saturation content of the slag is evaluated through Isothermal Solubility Diagrams. Most of the heats of the Scenario II MgO content are higher than the minimal saturation content. There was a reduction of 30% of the injected oxygen for both loading patterns and their P content increased significantly. Meanwhile, only the pattern C shows a variation on carbon content in the steel. The electric power consumption showed proportional relation to FeO and MgO content of the slag and the pattern E showed a significant increase of 10 kWh/t. The metallic yield of the patterns C and E increased 3.59 and 2.22, respectively. The scenario II showed a reduction of the Cu content in both patterns. The carbon injection amount means did not vary significantly, but, through distribution graphs, was noted a higher stability in the injection amount. For the E pattern, a minimum amount of iron in the slag was observed for the overall C/O ratio of 0,75. An analysis of the ratio of the carbon and oxygen injection during the refining period was done. It was observed a higher stability of the injections along the refining period for the Scenario II on both patterns.

Aliar alta produtividade ao menor custo de processo é o principal desafio econômico de uma Aciaria Elétrica. Para isso, mudanças no processo almejando práticas que resultam em uma maior eficiência do FEA, com um menor custo envolvido, ocorrem constantemente. Este trabalho avalia um processo de FEA, com capacidade de 62 toneladas de aço, operando com carregamento de sucata metálica e ferro-gusa. Dois grupos de corridas de aço, pertencentes à dois cenários distintos, foram estudadas. Os cenários foram denominados Cenário I e Cenário II, sendo que, no segundo cenário ocorreram mudanças nas práticas de injeções de carbono e oxigênio, nas práticas de adição de cales no carregamento e mudanças na quantidade de Sucata Shredder no FEA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como essas mudanças influenciaram no processo. A composição química de aço e escória de dois padrões de carga (C e E) foi comparada entre os cenários. Verificou-se que a massa de escória diminuiu para os dois padrões de carga. Porém, a basicidade do padrão C foi reduzida de 2,5 para 2,1, enquanto para o padrão E manteve-se em 2,2 para os dois cenários. O MgO de saturação foi avaliado através de diagramas de saturação isotérmicos (ISD), e a maior parte das corridas do Cenário II ficaram acima da linha de saturação da escória. Houve uma redução de 30% do oxigênio injetado para os dois padrões e seus teores de fósforo no aço aumentaram significativamente. No entanto, apenas o padrão C teve uma variação nos teores de carbono no aço. A energia elétrica consumida mostrou-se dependente dos teores de FeO e MgO da escória. O padrão E apresentou um aumento significativo de 10 kWh/t. O rendimento metálico dos padrões C e E aumentou 3,59% e 2,22%, respectivamente. No Cenário II, o aumento da sucata Shredder no carregamento foi duas vezes maior. O Cenário II apresentou uma redução dos teores de cobre no aço para os dois padrões. As quantidades médias de injeção de carbono não tiveram variação significativa, por outro lado, através dos gráficos de distribuição, notou-se uma maior estabilidade nos valores de injeção. Para o padrão E observou-se uma quantidade mínima de ferro na escória para a razão global C/O de 0,75. Uma análise da razão das injeções de carbono e oxigênio durante o refino foi feita. Observou-se uma maior estabilidade das injeções ao longo do tempo de refino para o Cenário II em ambos os padrões. / Combine high productivity and lower costs is the main economical challenge of a steelmaking melt shop. Therefore, changes in the process aiming practices that result in higher efficiency of the EAF, with lower costs, occur frequently. This work evaluates an EAF process, with capacity of 62t of steel, operating with metal scrap and pig iron load. Two groups of steel heats that represents two distinct scenarios were studied. The scenarios were called Scenario I and Scenario II. In the Scenario II carbon and oxygen injection practices, limes loading practice and Shredder scrap loading amount were modified. The aim of the present work is analyze how these changes affected process parameters. The steel and slag chemical composition of two loading patterns (C and E) was compared on the scenarios. It was found that the slag mass reduces for both loading patterns. However, the basicity of the pattern C was reduced from 2.5 to 2.1 while the pattern E was maintained on 2.2 for both scenarios. The MgO saturation content of the slag is evaluated through Isothermal Solubility Diagrams. Most of the heats of the Scenario II MgO content are higher than the minimal saturation content. There was a reduction of 30% of the injected oxygen for both loading patterns and their P content increased significantly. Meanwhile, only the pattern C shows a variation on carbon content in the steel. The electric power consumption showed proportional relation to FeO and MgO content of the slag and the pattern E showed a significant increase of 10 kWh/t. The metallic yield of the patterns C and E increased 3.59 and 2.22, respectively. The scenario II showed a reduction of the Cu content in both patterns. The carbon injection amount means did not vary significantly, but, through distribution graphs, was noted a higher stability in the injection amount. For the E pattern, a minimum amount of iron in the slag was observed for the overall C/O ratio of 0,75. An analysis of the ratio of the carbon and oxygen injection during the refining period was done. It was observed a higher stability of the injections along the refining period for the Scenario II on both patterns.

Aliar alta produtividade ao menor custo de processo é o principal desafio econômico de uma Aciaria Elétrica. Para isso, mudanças no processo almejando práticas que resultam em uma maior eficiência do FEA, com um menor custo envolvido, ocorrem constantemente. Este trabalho avalia um processo de FEA, com capacidade de 62 toneladas de aço, operando com carregamento de sucata metálica e ferro-gusa. Dois grupos de corridas de aço, pertencentes à dois cenários distintos, foram estudadas. Os cenários foram denominados Cenário I e Cenário II, sendo que, no segundo cenário ocorreram mudanças nas práticas de injeções de carbono e oxigênio, nas práticas de adição de cales no carregamento e mudanças na quantidade de Sucata Shredder no FEA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como essas mudanças influenciaram no processo. A composição química de aço e escória de dois padrões de carga (C e E) foi comparada entre os cenários. Verificou-se que a massa de escória diminuiu para os dois padrões de carga. Porém, a basicidade do padrão C foi reduzida de 2,5 para 2,1, enquanto para o padrão E manteve-se em 2,2 para os dois cenários. O MgO de saturação foi avaliado através de diagramas de saturação isotérmicos (ISD), e a maior parte das corridas do Cenário II ficaram acima da linha de saturação da escória. Houve uma redução de 30% do oxigênio injetado para os dois padrões e seus teores de fósforo no aço aumentaram significativamente. No entanto, apenas o padrão C teve uma variação nos teores de carbono no aço. A energia elétrica consumida mostrou-se dependente dos teores de FeO e MgO da escória. O padrão E apresentou um aumento significativo de 10 kWh/t. O rendimento metálico dos padrões C e E aumentou 3,59% e 2,22%, respectivamente. No Cenário II, o aumento da sucata Shredder no carregamento foi duas vezes maior. O Cenário II apresentou uma redução dos teores de cobre no aço para os dois padrões. As quantidades médias de injeção de carbono não tiveram variação significativa, por outro lado, através dos gráficos de distribuição, notou-se uma maior estabilidade nos valores de injeção. Para o padrão E observou-se uma quantidade mínima de ferro na escória para a razão global C/O de 0,75. Uma análise da razão das injeções de carbono e oxigênio durante o refino foi feita. Observou-se uma maior estabilidade das injeções ao longo do tempo de refino para o Cenário II em ambos os padrões. / Combine high productivity and lower costs is the main economical challenge of a steelmaking melt shop. Therefore, changes in the process aiming practices that result in higher efficiency of the EAF, with lower costs, occur frequently. This work evaluates an EAF process, with capacity of 62t of steel, operating with metal scrap and pig iron load. Two groups of steel heats that represents two distinct scenarios were studied. The scenarios were called Scenario I and Scenario II. In the Scenario II carbon and oxygen injection practices, limes loading practice and Shredder scrap loading amount were modified. The aim of the present work is analyze how these changes affected process parameters. The steel and slag chemical composition of two loading patterns (C and E) was compared on the scenarios. It was found that the slag mass reduces for both loading patterns. However, the basicity of the pattern C was reduced from 2.5 to 2.1 while the pattern E was maintained on 2.2 for both scenarios. The MgO saturation content of the slag is evaluated through Isothermal Solubility Diagrams. Most of the heats of the Scenario II MgO content are higher than the minimal saturation content. There was a reduction of 30% of the injected oxygen for both loading patterns and their P content increased significantly. Meanwhile, only the pattern C shows a variation on carbon content in the steel. The electric power consumption showed proportional relation to FeO and MgO content of the slag and the pattern E showed a significant increase of 10 kWh/t. The metallic yield of the patterns C and E increased 3.59 and 2.22, respectively. The scenario II showed a reduction of the Cu content in both patterns. The carbon injection amount means did not vary significantly, but, through distribution graphs, was noted a higher stability in the injection amount. For the E pattern, a minimum amount of iron in the slag was observed for the overall C/O ratio of 0,75. An analysis of the ratio of the carbon and oxygen injection during the refining period was done. It was observed a higher stability of the injections along the refining period for the Scenario II on both patterns.