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On the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia ponds utilising seawater drawn from wells have an average salinity of 43%o and temperatures ranging from 23-33°C. The present study has demonstrated that yields of up to 4.3 tonnes ha"' of the Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus at 20 g size may be obtained in these ponds. P. indicus was isolated from local stocks (Gizan) and has now been cultured through several generations at the Fish Farming Centre. Present work has determined that the optimal salinity for larval culture is 30960 and for nursery culture 25-30960. The best stage for transfer from nursery to growout pond (43960) is about PL25. Comparison with biological data for P. indicus cultured elsewhere indicates that Red Sea populations may be preadapted to tolerate high salinities. The potential for artificial feeds to replace live feeds in P. indicus larval culture from Z1 to PL1 and PL5 using microencapsulated feeds, Nippai and Frippak has been investigated. Results reveal that 50% replacement with Nippai and Frippak is possible giving comparable growth to the control, but poorer survival. Also comparative growth trials were conducted with post larval P. indicus (PL5-PL30) spawned from Red Sea stock and cultured through larval stages on five feeds (Chaetoceros, Tetraselmis and Artemia). Post larvae were reared on commercial feeds: Taiwanese, Nippai, Frippak and 4 formulated feeds based on locally available ingredients at 28-30°C and at 3016 and 42i salinities. Feeding trials at 42% produced poor survival, but at 30% all treatments gave over 50% survival to PL25, at which stage shrimp are ready for stocking in growout ponds. Although the Taiwanese feed produced the overall fastest growth, it was not significantly better (P > 0.05) than two locally formulated diets (FFC1,4) or Frippak. Survival rates of over 60% where achieved on all diets with the exception of Nippai and Taiwanese feeds. Yields were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on one of the locally prepared diets (FFC1) than Taiwanese and Nippai, and Taiwanese than Nippai. All diets yielded significantly more shrimp biomass at 30960 than 4216 (P > 0.05). The relative costs of imported and locally produced diets are discussed and it is concluded that it is possible to produce cost-effective nursery diets in Saudi Arabia. A growout feeding study for P. indicus juvenile utilising 4 locally formulated diets compared with a Taiwanese diet revealed no significant difference (P. > 0.05) in survival nor in growth or yield amongst all diets. However growth was slow due to low pH and high ammonia levels. Finally shrimp density production trials at 20, 40,60 and 80m"2 during winter and summer were conducted in cages placed in a rubber lined pond. For all densities; yields were significantly higher in summer than winter with an overall average of 3.41±1.5 tonnes and 4.04±2.36 tonnes 180 days-- for winter and summer respectively. Yield at 80m'1 was highest but was not different from yield at 60m'2. Based on average harvested size and market price the density of 60. =was regarded suitable for growout culture.

No description available.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Shrimp farming and capture fishery are two of the major industries of Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City, southern Vietnam. These industries have recently developed and contributed to the improvement of local economy. However, they have also raised environmental concerns regarding water pollution and fish stock depletion. The negative impacts of shrimp farm effluents on the water quality of mainstream rivers and fish communities have not been studied in Can Gio. Additionally, there is a lack of research on the influence of the current fisheries management on environmental protection and fish conservation in this district. The goal of this study was to address key issues in fisheries management in Can Gio in regard to the impacts of wastewater from shrimp farming on the water quality of mainstream rivers that affect the local fish communities, and the influence of improper fishing practices that lead to the depletion of local fish stocks. This study also aimed to propose strategies to improve the local fisheries management for more environmentally responsible productions. Two mainstream surveys were developed to obtain data, i.e. environmental surveys for the assessment of water quality and pollution impacts on fish communities; and people interviews for the examination of fisheries management related to shrimp farming and fishing practices. The findings were used as a baseline to develop appropriate strategies for improving the management in terms of promoting sustainable productions both in shrimp farming and capture fishery industries and protecting the environment. This study found that shrimp farming, especially intensive farms have contributed to water pollution in mainstream rivers in Can Gio, and in turn the water pollution has adversely affected the local fish communities. The waters adjacent to the intensive farms were contaminated with high concentrations of organic matter. The number of fish species reduced and tolerant species appeared at higher proportions in these areas. Many improper practices in shrimp farming and fishing as well as weaknesses in government management were addressed to be the key issues leading to environmental pollution and fish depletion. The proposed strategies focused on improving the management at both government and community levels. Promoting community-based management was suggested as a key to the success in fisheries management in Can Gio.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Shrimp farming and capture fishery are two of the major industries of Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City, southern Vietnam. These industries have recently developed and contributed to the improvement of local economy. However, they have also raised environmental concerns regarding water pollution and fish stock depletion. The negative impacts of shrimp farm effluents on the water quality of mainstream rivers and fish communities have not been studied in Can Gio. Additionally, there is a lack of research on the influence of the current fisheries management on environmental protection and fish conservation in this district. The goal of this study was to address key issues in fisheries management in Can Gio in regard to the impacts of wastewater from shrimp farming on the water quality of mainstream rivers that affect the local fish communities, and the influence of improper fishing practices that lead to the depletion of local fish stocks. This study also aimed to propose strategies to improve the local fisheries management for more environmentally responsible productions. Two mainstream surveys were developed to obtain data, i.e. environmental surveys for the assessment of water quality and pollution impacts on fish communities; and people interviews for the examination of fisheries management related to shrimp farming and fishing practices. The findings were used as a baseline to develop appropriate strategies for improving the management in terms of promoting sustainable productions both in shrimp farming and capture fishery industries and protecting the environment. This study found that shrimp farming, especially intensive farms have contributed to water pollution in mainstream rivers in Can Gio, and in turn the water pollution has adversely affected the local fish communities. The waters adjacent to the intensive farms were contaminated with high concentrations of organic matter. The number of fish species reduced and tolerant species appeared at higher proportions in these areas. Many improper practices in shrimp farming and fishing as well as weaknesses in government management were addressed to be the key issues leading to environmental pollution and fish depletion. The proposed strategies focused on improving the management at both government and community levels. Promoting community-based management was suggested as a key to the success in fisheries management in Can Gio.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_fv_dr_jabo.pdf: 435317 bytes, checksum: 69fb7e009fc30d94a576f4bd9b3535a4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A salmonelose é uma das doenças de origem alimentar mais freqüente e considerada uma das zoonoses mais relevantes para a saúde pública em todo o mundo. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) assinalou aumento alarmante de estirpes de Salmonella resistentes aos antibióticos devido ao seu uso abusivo em criações intensivas, especialmente nas aquícolas. Diante do exposto, o escopo deste trabalho foi o de isolar e identificar a resistência plasmidial em bactérias do gênero Salmonella, em amostras de água de dois ambientes estuarinos, um do Norte (Acaraú) e outro do Sul (Jaguaribe) do Estado do Ceará, ambos com atividades de carcinicultura. Durante sete meses, de novembro de 2006 a maio de 2007, foram coletadas 84 amostras de água dos dois estuários. A pesquisa de Salmonella seguiu a metodologia do “Bacteriological Analytical Manual”. As salmonelas foram testadas quanto à susceptibilidade a dez antimicrobianos: Ácido nalidíxico, Ampicilina, Ciprofloxacina, Ceftriazona, Cloranfenicol, Gentamicina, Imipenem, Nitrofurantoína, Sulfametoxazol e Tetraciclina. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima dos antibióticos seguiu a técnica de macrodiluição em caldo. Em atividade de base, mediu-se o pH, a temperatura e a salinidade da água. Foram confirmadas 103 cepas de Salmonella, 90 no Rio Acaraú e 13 no Rio Jaguaribe, pertencentes aos sorovares: S. Newport, S. Saintpaul, S. Panama, S. Rubislaw, S Albany, S. Anatum, S. Corvallis, S. Madelia. O Rio Acaraú apresentou-se mais contaminado do que o Rio Jaguaribe, onde foram encontradas cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos, com um percentual de 25% para resistência plasmidial, e 75% para a cromossômica. Esses resultados ressaltam dois problemas de saúde pública: a presença de cepas de Salmonella resistentes e a possibilidade de contaminação humana pelo consumo dos crustáceos. Somado a isso,... / Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases, was considered and the most important for public health authorities throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently drew attention to the rapid increase in Salmonella strains resistant to antibiotics employed in farming activities, especially in aquaculture. Thus, the objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella strains isolated from water samples collected in the estuaries of the Acaraú and Jaguaribe rivers (respectively in the north and south of Ceará State, Brazil), both of which are subject to extensive shrimp farming. Eighty-four samples were collected between November 2006 and May 2007. The susceptibility tests were performed following the guidelines of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). The strains were exposed to 10 different antibiotics: nalidixic acid, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, imipenem, nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics was determined with the broth macrodilution method. In base activity, mensure the factores as Temperature, salinity and pH values were registered for all water samples. One hundred three Salmonella strains were isolated (Acaraú n=90; Jaguaribe n=13) belonging to the serotypes S. Newport, S. Saintpaul, S. Panama, S. Rubislaw, S Albany, S. Anatum, S. Corvallis and S. Madelia. Thus, the Acaraú river was more severely contaminated than the Jaguaribe river, where strains resistant to antimicrobial were found in a rate of 25% to plasmid resistance and 75% to chromosomal resistance. These results show up two problems of public health: the presence of resistant strains of Salmonella and the possibility of human contamination though crustacean consumption. In addition to this,...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Procurou-se identificar e analisar a cadeia produtiva do camarÃo cultivado no Estado do CearÃ. Foi utilizada uma abordagem sistÃmica, apropriada para estudos que visam a analisar a dinÃmica de uma cadeia produtiva. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa foram de origem secundÃria e primÃria, mediante aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrio com agentes representativos de cada seguimento. Dentre os resultados alcanÃados, à vÃlido mencionar: a atividade passa por um perÃodo de crise que afetou todos os seguimentos da cadeia; os fabricantes de raÃÃo, apÃs sucessiva reduÃÃo de preÃos, procuraram meios de obter raÃÃo com menor custo; os laboratÃrios de larvicultura enfrentam o esgotamento genÃtico de matrizes com claros efeitos na resistÃncia dos camarÃes a doenÃas; os produtores consideram que os principais problemas enfrentados sÃo, por ordem de importÃncia: as restriÃÃes dos ÃrgÃos ambientais para licenciamentos, as doenÃas e a queda da taxa de cÃmbio; os exportadores ressentem-se do elevado nÃvel de exigÃncias dos importadores; o camarÃo à ainda considerado um produto nobre, pouco acessÃvel a consumidores de baixa renda. Existem opiniÃes divergentes (ONGâs, especialistas e instituiÃÃes pÃblicas) com relaÃÃo ao impacto ambiental ocasionado pelo cultivo de camarÃo. Dentre as conclusÃes do estudo, citam-se: a crise vivida pelo setor, decorrente de vÃrios fatores; Hà grande competiÃÃo entre agentes de determinados segmento e entre diferentes segmentos da cadeia, o que intensifica os problemas enfrentados recentemente pela atividade. / It was tried to identify and analyze the productive chain of the farm shrimp in the state of CearÃ. It was used a system approach, appropriated for studies that aim to analyze the dynamic of a productive chain. The data used in this research had secondary and primary origin, through application of questionnaires with representative agents of each segment. Among the results reached, it is worth to mention: the activity goes through a crisis period that affected all the segments of the chain; the ration manufacturers, after successive price reduction, search for ways to obtain ration with low costs; the laboratories of larva culture face the genetic exhaustion of the matrices with clear affects in the resistance of the shrimp to diseases; the farmers consider that the main troubles faced are, by order of importance: the restrictions of the environment body, the diseases and the fall of the rate of exchanger; the export companies resent of the high level of demands of the importers; the shrimp is still considered a noble product, scarcely accessible to low income consumers. There are divergent opinions (NGOâs, specialists and public institutions) about the environment impacts caused by the shrimp farming. Among the conclusions of the study, it is quoted; the sector faces a crisis, caused by many factors; there is big competition among agents of some segments of the chain; there is no integration among the agents of the same segments and among different segments of the chain, what intensifies the problems faced recently by the activity.

Resumo: A salmonelose é uma das doenças de origem alimentar mais freqüente e considerada uma das zoonoses mais relevantes para a saúde pública em todo o mundo. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) assinalou aumento alarmante de estirpes de Salmonella resistentes aos antibióticos devido ao seu uso abusivo em criações intensivas, especialmente nas aquícolas. Diante do exposto, o escopo deste trabalho foi o de isolar e identificar a resistência plasmidial em bactérias do gênero Salmonella, em amostras de água de dois ambientes estuarinos, um do Norte (Acaraú) e outro do Sul (Jaguaribe) do Estado do Ceará, ambos com atividades de carcinicultura. Durante sete meses, de novembro de 2006 a maio de 2007, foram coletadas 84 amostras de água dos dois estuários. A pesquisa de Salmonella seguiu a metodologia do "Bacteriological Analytical Manual". As salmonelas foram testadas quanto à susceptibilidade a dez antimicrobianos: Ácido nalidíxico, Ampicilina, Ciprofloxacina, Ceftriazona, Cloranfenicol, Gentamicina, Imipenem, Nitrofurantoína, Sulfametoxazol e Tetraciclina. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima dos antibióticos seguiu a técnica de macrodiluição em caldo. Em atividade de base, mediu-se o pH, a temperatura e a salinidade da água. Foram confirmadas 103 cepas de Salmonella, 90 no Rio Acaraú e 13 no Rio Jaguaribe, pertencentes aos sorovares: S. Newport, S. Saintpaul, S. Panama, S. Rubislaw, S Albany, S. Anatum, S. Corvallis, S. Madelia. O Rio Acaraú apresentou-se mais contaminado do que o Rio Jaguaribe, onde foram encontradas cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos, com um percentual de 25% para resistência plasmidial, e 75% para a cromossômica. Esses resultados ressaltam dois problemas de saúde pública: a presença de cepas de Salmonella resistentes e a possibilidade de contaminação humana pelo consumo dos crustáceos. Somado a isso,...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases, was considered and the most important for public health authorities throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently drew attention to the rapid increase in Salmonella strains resistant to antibiotics employed in farming activities, especially in aquaculture. Thus, the objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella strains isolated from water samples collected in the estuaries of the Acaraú and Jaguaribe rivers (respectively in the north and south of Ceará State, Brazil), both of which are subject to extensive shrimp farming. Eighty-four samples were collected between November 2006 and May 2007. The susceptibility tests were performed following the guidelines of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). The strains were exposed to 10 different antibiotics: nalidixic acid, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, imipenem, nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics was determined with the broth macrodilution method. In base activity, mensure the factores as Temperature, salinity and pH values were registered for all water samples. One hundred three Salmonella strains were isolated (Acaraú n=90; Jaguaribe n=13) belonging to the serotypes S. Newport, S. Saintpaul, S. Panama, S. Rubislaw, S Albany, S. Anatum, S. Corvallis and S. Madelia. Thus, the Acaraú river was more severely contaminated than the Jaguaribe river, where strains resistant to antimicrobial were found in a rate of 25% to plasmid resistance and 75% to chromosomal resistance. These results show up two problems of public health: the presence of resistant strains of Salmonella and the possibility of human contamination though crustacean consumption. In addition to this,...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Julieta Rodini Engracia de Moraes / Coorientador: Regine H. S. dos Fernandes Vieira / Banca: Fabiana Pilarski / Banca: Angela Cleusa de Fátima Banzatto de Carvalho / Banca: Gilson Pereira de Oliveira / Banca: Fabiana Rizzi Bozzo / Doutor

As food scares have hastened the growth of safety and quality standards around the world, certification schemes to assure various attributes of foods have proliferated in the global marketplace. High-value food commodities produced in the global south for export have been the subject of such schemes through third-party environmental certifications, providing regulatory and verification mechanisms welcomed by global buyers. As certification becomes more common, re-localization in the current global context can also mean the projection of place onto a food commodity to highlight its origin or attributes secured by transparent verification mechanisms. However, environmental food certification is often criticized for its inapplicability in the context of the global south, due to the extensive documentation requirements and high costs. The key question here is the process for small-scale producers in the global south to navigate increasing international regulation of food safety and quality. This dissertation examines (1) how the environmental standards (as defined by the global north) were translated in the rural global south through international certification schemes, and (2) what the implications are at the local level, especially where producers had not yet integrated into conventional global markets before the introduction of certification. The dissertation also analyzes the influence of such certification in determining the development trajectories of rural society in the global south. A case study is used to examine newly-introduced certified organic shrimp production in Ca Mau Province in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. The selected shrimp production site is the first pilot organic shrimp project in Vietnam working with an international third-party certification scheme. It is located in rural Vietnam where, as in other parts of Southeast Asia, an accelerated process of agrarian transition is underway. Whereas elsewhere the trend with intensified regulation has been the consolidation of large-scale farms and the exclusion of small-scale farms from international agrofood markets, this case study demonstrates comparative advantages of small-scale farms over large-scale farms in producing sensitive high-value crops. This dissertation employs two main analytical approaches. The first approach is to examine the network of actors and the flow of information, payment and shrimp at the production level using environmental regulatory network (ERN). In contrast to chain analyses, which can be useful in identifying linear structure of supply chains for global commodities, ERN can capture the interrelatedeness of actors in the network built around environmental certification for agrofood products. The second analytical lens is that of agrarian transition. Countries experiencing agrarian transition at present are doing so in a very different international context from countries that accomplished their transitions in the past. Results of this research indicate that technical and financial constraints at the time of initial certification are not the primary obstacles to farmers getting certified, since the extensive farming method employed at the study site is organic by default. In spite of this, many farmers unofficially withdrew from the organic shrimp project by simply shifting their marketing channel back to a conventional one. Inefficient flows of information and payments, and a restrictive marketing channel within the environmental regulatory network that does not take into account local geographical conditions and farming practices, all contributed to limiting the farmers’ capacity and lowering their incentives to get involved in the network. The analysis also indicates that, by influencing those agrarian transition processes, food standards and certification based on values developed in the global north may modify, reshape and/or hold back agrarian transition processes in agricultural sectors of developing countries. The potential benefits of environmental certification are enhanced rural development, by generating opportunities for small-scale farmers to connect to global niche markets. The findings of this dissertation highlighted that such certification schemes or their environmental regulatory networks need to ensure information sharing and compensation for farmers. As an empirical finding, this dissertation also captures where ecological credibility and market logic meet: the success of this kind of certification depends on finding a balanced point where standards are ecologically (or ethically) credible to the level that does not attract too much criticism for being green washing, but not too unrealistic to become a disincentive for farmers to participate.

Limited water exchange shrimp culture technology is commonly used today in many shrimp farms in Vietnam to reduce water usage, input of diseases and discharge of nutrient-rich effluents into environment as well as to increase the production per unit area. However, a remaining problem in this technology is that the water quality in shrimp ponds will be reduced due to limitation of water exchange for a long period. The accumulation of inorganic components such as waste feed, bacterial deposits or other biological debris at the pond bottom will lead to low dissolved oxygen, high ammonia-nitrogen level, high fecal coliform bacteria and high turbidity which cause a severe degradation of water quality and detriment to shrimp growth and survival. To solve this remaining problem, an autonomous water-cleaning machine for shrimp ponds was designed to control the waste accumulation in the pond. This is an effective solution to replace manual cleaning methods for water quality management in shrimp farming in the coastal area of the Mekong delta of Vietnam. Especially, this technique can be used for biosecure shrimp production systems according to GMP standards to meet the objectives for sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture in Vietnam. / Kỹ thuật nuôi tôm không thay nước đang được sử dụng rộng rãi ở các trại nuôi tôm Việt Nam vì giúp giảm lượng nước sử dụng, hạn chế thải nước vào môi trường và giúp tăng diện tích nuôi trồng tôm. Tuy nhiên, bản thân kỹ thuật này cũng tạo nên một sản phẩm chất thải là phân tôm, thức ăn và chế phẩm sinh học xử lý nước dư thừa. Chất thải này dần dần tích tụ dưới đáy ao tạo thành lớp bùn độc, rất thiếu ôxy và chứa nhiều chất gây hại như ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide. Để tránh làm giảm diện tích ao nuôi do chất thải tích tụ làm tôm lảng tránh và tăng mật độ tôm nuôi trồng, thiết bị tự hành thu gom chất thải làm sạch nước trong vuông nuôi tôm đã được nghiên cứu, thiết kế và chế tạo thành công. Thiết bị đã thay thế các hoạt động làm sạch chất thải thủ công của con người, không sử dụng các nguồn năng lượng gây ô nhiễm, giảm nhu cầu về điện góp phần phát triển sản xuất tôm sạch đạt chuẩn GMP và phát triển bền vững ở các tỉnh ven biển miền Tây Việt Nam.