Depuis les années 2000, en raison d’une multitude de moyens de communication émergents, les besoins en termes d’échange de données n’ont cessé d’augmenter. Ces modifications ont conduit à l’initiation d’une transition depuis les technologies électroniques vers les technologies et interconnexions optiques. Entre autres, ces nouvelles technologies nécessitent l’utilisation de composants émetteurs et récepteurs de photons constitués de matériaux III-V. De façon à miniaturiser ces composants et à augmenter leurs performances tout en diminuant leur coût de fabrication, un modèle d’intégration innovant consiste à intégrer directement les sources III-V sur le circuit photonique silicium 200 mm. Afin d’optimiser les performances du laser III-V tout en respectant les contraintes liées à une salle blanche front-end / middle-end silicium, la réalisation d’une telle intégration nécessite notamment le développement de contacts innovants sur n-InP et p-InGaAs.Ces travaux de thèse sont ainsi centrés autour du développement d’une nouvelle architecture de contacts répondant aux exigences d’une salle blanche front-end / middle-end silicium 200 mm, tout en optimisant les performances du laser III-V. Un schéma d’intégration innovant des contacts est tout d’abord présenté dans sa globalité puis une optimisation des procédés d’intégration disponibles est proposée. Ceci permet de profiter de l’avantage économique que procure le fait d’utiliser l’expertise existante tout en préservant les surfaces III-V et en optimisant les performances d’émission du laser. Une attention particulière est portée sur le développement de la métallisation de contact, elle-même reposant sur la formation de composés intermétalliques à l’interface entre le métal déposé et le semi-conducteur. Une étude métallurgique approfondie est ainsi conduite sur les systèmes Ni/n-InP, Ni/p-InGaAs et Ti/n-InP dans le but d’identifier les séquences de phases ainsi que des mécanismes mis en jeu et enfin leur stabilité thermique. Finalement, l’ensemble de ces métallisations sont intégrées au sein de dispositifs dédiés au test électriques des contacts. Les résistivités spécifiques de contacts associées sont ainsi extraites. Grâce à l’ensemble de ces travaux, les métallisations et procédés permettant d’optimiser les performances électriques des contacts intégrés tout en garantissant leur stabilité sont finalement identifiés. Contact Ni/n-InP, Contact Ti/n-InP, Contact Ni/p-InGaAs, Photonique sur Silicium, Laser III-V, Intégration, Réaction à l’état solide, Caractérisation électrique, résistivité de contact. / Since the 2000s, the requirements in terms of data exchange never stopped rising owing to a multitude of emerging communication means. These extensive modifications lead the signal processing and electrical technologies to switch towards optical devices and interconnections. Among others, these new technologies require the use of III-V-based emitters and receptors. In order to miniaturize these devices, to optimize the performances and to minimize the fabrication cost of such a technology, an innovative manufacturing model consists in integrating directly the III-V laser source onto the 200 mm Si photonics circuit. To enable the development of contacts meeting the constraints of a front-end / middle-end Si-environment along with those of an operating laser, one of the keys lies in the development of contacts on n-InP and p-InGaAs which are necessary to electrically pump the III-V laser.This Ph.D thesis therefore deals with the development of an innovative contact architecture fulfilling the requirements of a front-end / middle-end Si-dedicated clean room environment while optimizing the performances of the III-V laser. An integration scheme is firstly presented in its wholeness before optimizing every available process that is required. This kind of development leverages the advantage of utilizing existing infrastructures and processes while preserving the III-V surfaces and optimizing the performances of the III-V laser. Special attention is devoted to the development of the contact metallization which relies on the formation of intermetallic compounds at the interface between the deposited metal and the semiconductor. Extensive studies are therefore conducted on the Ni/n-InP, Ni/p-InGaAs et Ti/n-InP systems in order to identify the phase sequences, the involved mechanism and finally the thermal stability of the various phases. Ultimately, these metallizations are integrated in structures dedicated to their electrical characterization. The corresponding specific contact resistivities are thus extracted. Thanks to these studies, the metallizations and processes allowing an optimization of the electrical performances of the integrated contacts while ensuring their stability are finally identified.

A major focus is on integrated Silicon-based optoelectronics for the creation of low-cost photonics for mass-market applications. Especially, the growing demand for sensitive and portable optical sensors in the environmental control and medicine follows in the development of integrated high resolution sensors [1]. In particular, since 2013 the quick onsite verification of pathogens, like legionella in drinking water pipes, is becoming increasingly important [2, 3]. The essential questions regarding the establishment of portable biochemical sensors are the incorporation of electronic and optical devices as well as the implementations of fundamental cross-innovations between biotechnology and microelectronics. This thesis describes the design, fabrication and analysis of high-refractive-index-contrast photonic structures. Besides silicon nitride (Si3N4) strip waveguides, lateral tapers, bended waveguides, two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) the focus lies on monolithically integrated waveguide butt-coupled Silicon-based light emitting devices (Sibased LEDs) [4, 5] for use as bioanalytical sensor components. Firstly, the design and performance characteristics as single mode regime, confinement factor and propagation losses due to the geometry and operation wavelength (1550 nm, 541 nm) of single mode (SM), multi mode (MM) waveguides and bends are studied and simulated. As a result, SM operation is obtained for 1550 nm by limiting the waveguide cross-section to 0.5 μm x 1 μm resulting in modal confinement factors of 87 %. In contrast, for shorter wavelengths as 541 nm SM propagation is excluded if the core height is not further decreased. Moreover, the obtained theoretical propagation losses for the lowestorder TE/TM mode are in the range of 0.3 - 1.3 dB/cm for an interface roughness of 1 nm. The lower silicon dioxide (SiO2) waveguide cladding should be at least 1 μm to avoid substrate radiations. These results are in a good correlation to the known values for common dielectric structures. In the case of bended waveguides, an idealized device with a radius of 10 μm was developed which shows a reflection minimum (S11 = - 22 dB) at 1550 nm resulting in almost perfect transmission of the signal. Additionally, tapered waveguides were investigated for an optimized light coupling between high-aspect-ratio devices. Here, adiabatic down-tapered waveguides were designed for the elimination of higher-order modes and perfect signal transmission. Secondly, fabrication lines including Electron-beam (E-beam) lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) with an Aluminum (Al) mask were developed and lead to well fabricated optical devices in the (sub)micrometer range. The usage of focused ion beam (FIB) milling is invented for smoother front faces which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result, the anisotropy of the RIE process was increased, but the obtained surface roughness parameters are still too high (10 – 20 nm) demonstrating a more advanced lithography technique is needed for higher quality structures. Moreover, this study presents an alternative fabrication pathway for novel designed waveguides with free-edge overlapping endfaces for improving fiber-chipcoupling. Thirdly, the main focus lies on the development of a monolithic integration circuit consisting of the Si-based LED coupled to an integrated waveguide. The light propagation between high-aspect-ratio devices is enabled through low-loss adiabatic tapers. This study shows, that the usage of CMOS-related fabrication technologies result in a monolithic manufacturing pathway for the successful implementation of fully integrated Si-based photonic circuits. Fourth, transmission loss measurements of the fabricated photonic structures as well as the waveguide butt-coupled Si-based LEDs were performed with a generated setup. As a result, free-edge overlapping MM waveguides show propagation loss coefficients of ~ 65 dB/cm in the range of the telecommunication wavelength. The high surface roughness parameters (~ 150 nm) and the modal dispersion in the core are one of the key driving factors. These facts clearly underline the improvement potential of the used fabrication processes. However, electroluminescence (EL) measurements of waveguide butt-coupled Si-based LEDs due to the implanted rare earth (RE) ion (Tb3+, Er3+) and the host material (SiO2/SiNx) were carried out. The detected transmission spectra of the coupled Tb:SiO2 systems show a weak EL signal at the main transition line of the Tb3+-ion (538 nm). A second emission line was detected in the red region of the spectrum either corresponding to a further optical transition of Tb3+ or a Non Bridging Oxygen Hole Center (NBOHC) in SiO2. Unfortunately, no light emission in the infrared range was established for the Er3+-doped photonic circuits caused by the low external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of the Er3+ implanted Si-based LEDs. Nevertheless, transmission measurements between 450 nm – 800 nm lead again to the result that an emission at 650 nm is either caused by an optical transition of the Er3+-ion or initialized by the NBOHC in the host. Overall, it is difficult to assess whether or not these EL signals are generated from the implanted ions, thus detailed statements about the coupling efficiency between the LED and the integrated waveguide are quite inadequate. Nevertheless, the principle of a fully monolithically integrated photonic circuit consisting of a Si-based LED and a waveguide has been successfully proven in this study.

A major focus is on integrated Silicon-based optoelectronics for the creation of low-cost photonics for mass-market applications. Especially, the growing demand for sensitive and portable optical sensors in the environmental control and medicine follows in the development of integrated high resolution sensors [1]. In particular, since 2013 the quick onsite verification of pathogens, like legionella in drinking water pipes, is becoming increasingly important [2, 3]. The essential questions regarding the establishment of portable biochemical sensors are the incorporation of electronic and optical devices as well as the implementations of fundamental cross-innovations between biotechnology and microelectronics. This thesis describes the design, fabrication and analysis of high-refractive-index-contrast photonic structures. Besides silicon nitride (Si3N4) strip waveguides, lateral tapers, bended waveguides, two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) the focus lies on monolithically integrated waveguide butt-coupled Silicon-based light emitting devices (Sibased LEDs) [4, 5] for use as bioanalytical sensor components. Firstly, the design and performance characteristics as single mode regime, confinement factor and propagation losses due to the geometry and operation wavelength (1550 nm, 541 nm) of single mode (SM), multi mode (MM) waveguides and bends are studied and simulated. As a result, SM operation is obtained for 1550 nm by limiting the waveguide cross-section to 0.5 μm x 1 μm resulting in modal confinement factors of 87 %. In contrast, for shorter wavelengths as 541 nm SM propagation is excluded if the core height is not further decreased. Moreover, the obtained theoretical propagation losses for the lowestorder TE/TM mode are in the range of 0.3 - 1.3 dB/cm for an interface roughness of 1 nm. The lower silicon dioxide (SiO2) waveguide cladding should be at least 1 μm to avoid substrate radiations. These results are in a good correlation to the known values for common dielectric structures. In the case of bended waveguides, an idealized device with a radius of 10 μm was developed which shows a reflection minimum (S11 = - 22 dB) at 1550 nm resulting in almost perfect transmission of the signal. Additionally, tapered waveguides were investigated for an optimized light coupling between high-aspect-ratio devices. Here, adiabatic down-tapered waveguides were designed for the elimination of higher-order modes and perfect signal transmission. Secondly, fabrication lines including Electron-beam (E-beam) lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) with an Aluminum (Al) mask were developed and lead to well fabricated optical devices in the (sub)micrometer range. The usage of focused ion beam (FIB) milling is invented for smoother front faces which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result, the anisotropy of the RIE process was increased, but the obtained surface roughness parameters are still too high (10 – 20 nm) demonstrating a more advanced lithography technique is needed for higher quality structures. Moreover, this study presents an alternative fabrication pathway for novel designed waveguides with free-edge overlapping endfaces for improving fiber-chipcoupling. Thirdly, the main focus lies on the development of a monolithic integration circuit consisting of the Si-based LED coupled to an integrated waveguide. The light propagation between high-aspect-ratio devices is enabled through low-loss adiabatic tapers. This study shows, that the usage of CMOS-related fabrication technologies result in a monolithic manufacturing pathway for the successful implementation of fully integrated Si-based photonic circuits. Fourth, transmission loss measurements of the fabricated photonic structures as well as the waveguide butt-coupled Si-based LEDs were performed with a generated setup. As a result, free-edge overlapping MM waveguides show propagation loss coefficients of ~ 65 dB/cm in the range of the telecommunication wavelength. The high surface roughness parameters (~ 150 nm) and the modal dispersion in the core are one of the key driving factors. These facts clearly underline the improvement potential of the used fabrication processes. However, electroluminescence (EL) measurements of waveguide butt-coupled Si-based LEDs due to the implanted rare earth (RE) ion (Tb3+, Er3+) and the host material (SiO2/SiNx) were carried out. The detected transmission spectra of the coupled Tb:SiO2 systems show a weak EL signal at the main transition line of the Tb3+-ion (538 nm). A second emission line was detected in the red region of the spectrum either corresponding to a further optical transition of Tb3+ or a Non Bridging Oxygen Hole Center (NBOHC) in SiO2. Unfortunately, no light emission in the infrared range was established for the Er3+-doped photonic circuits caused by the low external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of the Er3+ implanted Si-based LEDs. Nevertheless, transmission measurements between 450 nm – 800 nm lead again to the result that an emission at 650 nm is either caused by an optical transition of the Er3+-ion or initialized by the NBOHC in the host. Overall, it is difficult to assess whether or not these EL signals are generated from the implanted ions, thus detailed statements about the coupling efficiency between the LED and the integrated waveguide are quite inadequate. Nevertheless, the principle of a fully monolithically integrated photonic circuit consisting of a Si-based LED and a waveguide has been successfully proven in this study.