La mucoviscidose est une maladie génétique caractérisée par une obstruction des voies respiratoires, des infections et une inflammation pulmonaire résultant du recrutement massif de neutrophiles qui sécrètent des protéases : l’élastase, la protéase 3 et la cathepsine G. Ces protéases peuvent être sécrétées selon deux voies, la dégranulation ou la sécrétion de NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps), qui sont des fibres de chromatine auxquelles elles sont associées et décrites comme des structures antimicrobiennes. Dans le milieu extracellulaire, la dérégulation du contrôle de l’activité des protéases par leurs inhibiteurs conduit à la dégradation progressive du tissu pulmonaire. Nous avons montré que cette dérégulation était modulée par l’interaction des protéases avec l’ADN présent dans les sécrétions bronchiques des patients et que le ciblage de ces protéases par des inhibiteurs exogènes pouvait être amélioré in vitro par de la DNase ou de la polylysine qui compacte l’ADN. Ce polypeptide est également bactéricide vis-à-vis des pathogènes majeurs de la mucoviscidose, S. aureus et P. aeruginosa. Nos travaux montrent également que les NETs sont sécrétés dans les poumons des patients où ils constituent un réservoir de protéases actives potentiellement délétère et n’ont pas d’effet bactéricide vis-à-vis de S. aureus et P. aeruginosa. Nos travaux montrent que les voies de signalisation conduisant à la sécrétion des NETs varient selon le stimulus, générant des structures aux propriétés différentes. / Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease characterized by the obstruction of the airways, infections and a chronic lung inflammation due to a massive recruitment of neutrophils that secrete proteases: the elastase, the proteinase 3 and the cathepsin G. These proteases can be secreted by two mechanisms, namely degranulation and the secretion of NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps), which are chromatin fibers to which they are bound and that have been described as antimicrobial structures. In the extracellular environment, the dysregulation of these proteases control by their inhibitors leads to progressive lung tissue degradation. We have shown that this dysregulation was influenced by the interaction of the proteases with the DNA found in the lung secretions of CF patients and that targeting these proteases with exogenous inhibitors could be improved in vitro by DNase or polylysine, which compacts DNA. This polypeptide also presents a bactericidal effect towards the major CF-associated pathogens, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Our work also shows that NETs are secreted in the lungs of CF patients, where they are a potentially deleterious reservoir of active proteases, and that they do not display any bactericidal effect towards S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Our work shows that the signalization pathways leading to NETs secretion vary depending on the stimulus, generating structures that present different properties.

This thesis considers various roles of circadian clock genes in insect physiology. Application of molecular-biology methods in Pyrrhocoris apterus, non-model insect species, enable us to investigate involvement of circadian clock genes in photoperiod induced physiological responses. We discover involvement of neuroendocrine cells, and a role of Juvenile hormone (JH) signalization in transduction of photoperiodic signalization to peripheral tissues. We found new principles of JH signal diversification in tissue specific manner, and in addition described molecular mechanism of photoperiod induced changes in gut physiology. Comparison of gut and fat body tissue reveals that mechanism observed in the gut is tissue specific, and that circadian clock genes exhibit tissue specific functional pleiotropic effect.

L'internalisation et le trafic intracellulaire sont des mécanismes cruciaux dans la régulation de la signalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) dans lesquels les -arrestines jouent un rôle central. Des agonistes biaisés qui sont capables d'activer sélectivement les voies de signalisation dépendantes des protéines G ou dépendantes des -arrestines ont été récemment identifiés. D'autre part, le concept selon lequel la signalisation des RCPG serait limitée à la membrane cellulaire a été contesté sur la base des données qui démontrent que de nombreux RCPG induisent du signal aussi bien à partir d'endosomes qu'au niveau de la surface cellulaire. Le glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) est une hormone incrétine essentielle dans l'homéostasie glucidique postprandiale. Elle exerce ses fonctions en se liant à un récepteur couplé aux protéines G, le RGIP qui est impliquée dans divers processus physiologiques et physiopathologiques. À ce jour, l'internalisation et le trafic intracellulaire du RGIP ainsi que leurs mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents n'ont pas été étudié en détail. Dans ce contexte, le but de notre travail était d'abord d'étudier ces mécanismes et ensuite de caractériser le profil d'internalisation du N-acétyl-GIP, un analogue du GIP connu pour être résistant à la dégradation par le DPP-IV. Enfin, nous avons étudié si, en plus de sa signalisation à la membrane cellulaire, le RGIP est capable d'induire une signalisation à partir d'endosomes. Dans cette étude, nous montrons d'abord que l'internalisation du RGIP est un processus impliquant la clathrine, le complexe AP-2 et la dynamine, mais pas la région C-terminale du récepteur, ni les -arrestines1/2. Nous avons également montré que le N-acétyl-GIP, qui présente une activité agoniste pleine sur la production d'AMPc et sur la sécrétion d'insuline dans les cellules MIN-6-B1, n'est pas capable de stimuler l'internalisation du RGIP. Cela suggère que le N-acétyl-GIP pourrait être un agoniste biaisé du RGIP induisant préférentiellement la voie d'activation de Gs comparativement à un adressage du récepteur vers des puits recouverts de clathrine. Nous avons également réussi à observer une persistance au cours du temps de la production d'AMPc induite par le GIP. Le signal persistant dépend de l'internalisation du RGIP et est irréversible après lavage du GIP de la membrane cellulaire. De plus, nous avons détecté d'une manière directe la forme active de Gs au niveau d'endosomes contenant le RGIP en utilisant des plasmides codant pour des Nanobodies fusionnés à la GFP. Enfin, en utilisant un biosenseur FRET d'AMPc dirigé à la surface des endosomes précoces, nous avons également pu détecter d'une manière directe la production d'AMPc spécifiquement à la surface des endosomes contenant le RGIP internalisé. À notre connaissance, cette dernière observation est la première de ce genre, prouvant le concept de signalisation à partir d'endosomes par une approche de détection directe. Les résultats de cette étude apportent des informations quant à la régulation pharmacologique de l'internalisation et de la signalisation du RGIP, ouvrant des perspectives prometteuses dans le domaine du GIP. / Internalization and trafficking are crucial mechanisms regulating G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling in which -arrestins play a central role. Biased agonists which selectively activate either G protein or -arrestin signaling pathway were identified. On the other hand, the concept of GPCR signaling being restricted to cell membrane has been contested on the basis of data demonstrating GPCR signaling from endosomes as well as from the cell surface. Glucose insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone essential in post-prandial glucose homeostasis. It exerts its functions through binding to a G protein-coupled receptor, GIPR which is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. To date, GIPR internalization and trafficking and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been investigated in detail. In this context, the aim of our work was to study these mechanisms and to characterize the internalization profile of N-Acetyl-GIP, a GIP analogue resistant to DPP-IV degradation. Finally, we investigated if GIPR signaling can occur from endosomes alongside its signaling at the cell membrane. In this study, we first report that GIPR internalization involves clatherin, AP-2 and dynamin but not C-terminal region of the GIPR nor -arrestin1/2. Moreover, N-Acetyl-GIP, which fully stimulated cAMP production and insulin secretion from MIN-6-B1 cells, did not stimulate internalization of the GIPR. This suggests that N-Acetyl-GIP could be a biased GIPR agonist preferentially inducing Gs activation pathway over directing the receptor to clathrin-coated pits. We have also succeeded to witness a sustainability in GIP-induced cAMP production. The sustained signal was dependent on GIPR internalization and unreversed by GIP removal from the cell membrane. Moreover, we directly detected the active form of Gas in early endosomes containing GIPR using a genetically encoded GFP tagged nanobody. Finally, using a FRET sensor of cAMP targeted to the surface of early endosomes, we also directly detected cAMP production specifically at the surface of endosomes containing internalized GIPR. The latter observation is the first of this kind, proving the endosomal signaling concept by a direct detection approach. This study brings new insights into the pharmacological regulation of GIPR internalization and signaling, opening promising perspectives in GIP field.

Les signaux environnementaux ont une grande influence sur le devenir de certaines populations de motoneurones. J'étudie la population qui exprime le facteur de transcription PEA3, située au niveau brachial, caractérisée et spécifiée par ce facteur, et qui innerve les muscles dorsaux des membres (Livet et al., 2002 ; Vrieseling et al., 2006). Cette population représente un des exemples les mieux compris de l'acquisition d'une identité neuronale par des signaux provenant du muscle cible. Au cours du développement, l'expression de PEA3 se met en place de manière séquentielle. PEA3 est d'abord exprimé dans un premier sous-groupe de neurones localisé en position postérieure dans le domaine (neurones pionniers), puis dans un deuxième sous-groupe de neurones situé en position plus antérieure. Le développement de cette population implique des échanges de signaux entre les neurones pionniers, instruits par le muscle cible, et le deuxième groupe de neurones antérieurs, instruit par les neurones pionniers. Le GDNF, produit par les cellules du futur muscle cible, induit PEA3 dans les neurones pionniers (Haase et al., 2002). Puis le HGF, un autre facteur dérivé du membre, induit les neurones pionniers à sécréter un ‘signal de propagation’, qui agit à distance et induit l'expression de PEA3 dans le deuxième groupe de neurones (neurones recrutés) (Helmbacher et al., 2003). L'objectif initial de ma thèse a été basé sur l'identification de ce signal de propagation. J'ai d'abord utilisé une approche pharmacologique dans un système in vitro de cultures d'explants de moelles épinières d'embryons de souris. En y inhibant la voie EGF, j'ai démontré que le signal de propagation appartient à cette famille de molécules. Les récepteurs de la voie EGF (ErbB1 à ErbB4) sont exprimés chez l'embryon de poulet et de souris dans la moelle épinière brachiale, et spécifiquement dans les motoneurones, au moment où PEA3 est exprimé. Parmi les ligands de la voie EGF, je me suis intéressée aux neurégulines, une famille de glycoprotéines connue pour son implication dans la mise en place du système nerveux. J'ai montré que des isoformes du gène neuréguline1 (nrg1), possédant un domaine immunoglobuline (type I) sont capables d'induire l'expression de pea3 dans la moelle épinière brachiale, et spécifiquement dans les neurones recrutés. J'ai pu démontrer, en utilisant des souris mutantes pour le récepteur à l’HGF (metd/d), que le signal de propagation est vraisemblablement une isoforme NRG1, de type I. / Signals derived from the environment have an important influence on development of some motorneurons populations. I study the population that expresses the transcription factor PEA3, localized at the brachial level, characterized and specified by this factor. This population innervates the limb dorsal muscles (Livet et al., 2002 ; Vrieseling et al., 2006). This population represents one of the best understood examples of an acquisition of a neuronal identity induced by signals derived from the target muscle. During development, PEA3 expression is made in two times in motorneurons. Initially, PEA3 is expressed in a first population, localized in the posterior part of the domain (pionneers neurons), then in a second population, localized in a more anterior position. Development of this population implies exchanges of signals between pionneers neurons, instructed by the target muscle, and anterior neurons, instructed by pionneers neurons. GDNF, produced by cells of the future target muscle, induces PEA3 in the pioneers neurons (Haase et al., 2002). Then, HGF, another limb-derived factor, induces pioneers neurons to secrete a propagation signal’, which induces PEA3 expression in the second population of neurons (recruited neurons) (Helmbacher et al., 2003). The initial purpose of my phD was to identify this ‘propagation signal’. First, I used a pharmacological approach in an in vitro assay of mouse embryos spinal cord explants culture. I did inhibition of the EGF pathway in this assay, and I showed that the propagation signal belongs to this family. EGF receptors (ErbB1 à ErbB4) are expressed in chick and mouse embryos, and especially in motorneurons, when PEA3 is expressed. Among the EGF ligands, I studied neuregulins, a family of glycoproteins involved in the nervous system development. I showed that isoforms of neuregulin1 gene (nrg1), which have an immunoglobulin domain (type I) induce pea3 expression in the brachial spinal cord, and especially in the recruited neurons. I observed, by using mice mutants for HGF receptor (metd/d), that the propagation signal is plausibly a typeI NRG1 isoform. Keywords : motorneurons, PEA3, recruitment, ErbB.

This work deals with questions of IP net communication, with using metod Source-Specific Multicast. It focused on questions of registration, unregistration and administration of clients in multicast group and IGMP protocol, which is made for this communication. Work deals also about problems of signalization between source of data and clients of multicast group.In the introduction of this work questions of communications in multicast are analyse. I tis followed by the chapter focused on the specific metod of multicast – Source Specific Multicast (SSM). Next chapter is based on the protocols in SSM, which are used for distribution of data stream in source to clients direction and also in the reverse direction. The net chapter deals with signalization of communication in SSM. It specializes for reflection and summarization metods, which are used here. This chapter also shows basic matematics formules for sending signalization packets and proposes other solutions and ways for simplify communication and minimalize delay, which is for signallization very important. After that, the work deals with differences between these two metods of signalization. The aplicationis builded in practical part of work from the knowlidge of theory from previous chapters and it simulates the real communication between data source and clients situated to multicast group. This communication is explained in MSC diagrams. The aplication also simulates both used metods of signalization and real count of cients in multicast group. The results of simulation are interpreted in the last part of work.

In the first part of my master's thesis the network architecture of IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is presented. The database of subscribers HSS (Home Subscriber Server) and SLF (Subscription Locator Function), as well as a SIP CSCF servers (Call Session Control Functions) process a SIP signalization and an AS application server performing services, etc. I focus on the registration of subscribers in the IMS network with a list of transmitted messages and description of each interface that is used in this network. The most important interfaces, which I described here, are Gm, Mw, Cx, Dx and Sh. Then I focused on security in IMS problems, which are divided into categories of access security and network security. After that is the implementation of IMS network in an open source Open IMS Core System considered under the Linux operating system. Here is the problem description from the actual system installation, through the configuration of all necessary elements of the network to the communication party itself. The communication analysis in the initial registration process and in subsequent communications is described. Finally I created laboratory exercises with a focus on the Open IMS Core System, where students learn about architecture and principle of networks based on IMS technology operation, with individual elements necessary for the operation of the network and their configuration. Students also test simple captured traffic analysis.

Tumour cell invasion is one of the most critical steps in malignant progression. It includes a broad spectrum of mechanisms, including both individual and collective cell migration, which enables them to spread towards adjacent tissue, and form new metastases. Understanding the mechanisms of cell spreading, and invasion, is crucial for effective anticancer therapy. Two modes of individual migration of tumour cells have been established in a three-dimensional environment. Mesenchymally migrating cells use proteases to cleave collagen bundles, and thus overcome the ECM barriers. Recently described protease-independent amoeboid mode of invasion has been discovered in studies of cancer cells with protease inhibitors. During my PhD study, I have focused on determining the molecular mechanisms involved in amoeboid invasion of tumour cells. We have examined invasive abilities in non-metastatic K2 and highly metastatic A3 rat sarcoma cell lines. We have shown that even though highly metastatic A3 rat sarcoma cells are of mesenchymal origin, they have upregulated Rho/ROCK signalling pathway. Moreover, A3 cells generate actomyosin-based mechanical forces at their leading edges to physically squeeze through the collagen fibrils by adopting an amoeboid phenotype. Amoeboid invasiveness is also less dependent on...

RACK1 (Receptor for activated C kinase 1) is an evolutionary conserved protein which has essential role in most studied eukaryotic organisms, except for yeast. Although RACK1 was originally described as a binding partner of protein kinase C, later studies re- vealed its significant role in other cellular signalizations such as MAPK, Src or FAK. Thanks to this, RACK1 participates in the regulation of key cellular processes including migration, apoptosis or translation. As a binding partner of a small ribosomal subunit, RACK1 contributes to transla- tion regulation by integrating signals from different cellular pathways and several transla- tional components such as PKC and eIF6. Moreover, RACK1 has a role in translation regu- lation during stress. Under stress conditions there is a global reduction of translation, in- creased expression of specific mRNAs important for cellular stress response and formation of cytosolic foci called stress granules (SGs). SGs play an important role in protection of mRNAs and translation components against degradation. SGs also function in prevention of apoptosis. RACK1 has been identified as one of many components of SGs and its localization into SGs leads to inhibition of RACK1-mediated pro-apoptotic pathways. Aim of this diploma thesis was to elucidate the role of...

Aposematic species of true bugs (Heteroptera) have multimodal signalization, which warns potential predators. This signalization consists of optical (coloration), chemical (unpalatable or repugnant substance) and acoustic (stridulation) warning signals. The aim of this thesis was to test whether the selected chemical substances have antipredatory function towards avian predators. Antipredatory function is anticipated in the chemical substances that form the majority in secretion in many taxa of true bugs (aldehydes and tridecane). In experiments with wild-caught great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) we tested if chemical substances and age of birds have influence on the latency related to the first manipulation with the prey. It was found that both species of tits reacted aversively to the mixture of aldehydes (2-decenal, 2-octenal, 2-hexenal) and to the total secretion of metathoracic glands of Graphosoma lineatum, whereas the mixture of the aldehydes with tridecane did not have any effect. The effect of age was not significant. We also tested the influence of immediate experience with striated shieldbug Graphosoma lineatum on naive great tits and their reactions to the prey with olfactoric signal of the shieldbug. Additionally, we investigated whether tested chemicals cause...

of the thesis Glutamate is a main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain of mammals, which activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Ionotropic receptors are responsible for fast synaptic transmission leading to membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx into the cell. On the other hand mGlu receptors play an important role in regulation of the transmission via heterotrimeric G-proteins and activation of various signaling pathways. Postsynaptically localized group I mGlu receptors (mGluR1, 5) together with ionotropic NMDA and AMPA receptors share common large receptor signaling complexes, or signalosome facilitating glutamate signal transductions. Individual mGluR1 splice variants are differently associated with signalosome including scaffold proteins like PSD-95 which organize postsynaptic density (PSD). Heterodimerization of different mGluR1 splice variants is a focal point of my thesis together with investigation of recently discovered protein IL1RAPL1 (interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1) and its role in organization of postsynaptic signalosome. Using biochemical, immunocytochemical and functional assays we showed heterodimers of mGluR1a/1b were expressed on the plasma membrane and that heterodimers are fully functional in the recombinant system. Next we showed...