The Livestock production is in many ways a progressive discipline, which is characterized in that it blends several seemingly unrelated industries. One of the most important nutrition and feed livestock. With the development of the cultivation of maize (Zea mays), and the need for its preservation, it was necessary to develop a methodology proper ensiling. This practice establishes the correct principles for the production of high-quality, nutritional value and harmless silage. It already belongs to the selection of the optimal hybrid, suitable agronomic measures during cultivation, build a functional and efficient silage lines, selection and application of additives, proper layering and ramming masses and responsible handling of ready-made food, including a ration.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho caracterizar as silagens de milho de diferentes genótipos e verificar as relações existentes entre características agronômicas e bromatológicas da silagem de milho no sudoeste do Paraná. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Câmpus Dois Vizinhos em dois anos agrícolas (2009/2010 e 2010/2011). Em ambos os anos de experimentos, as sementes de milho foram fornecidos pela Embrapa Milho e Sorgo (Sete Lagoas, MG) que fazem parte dos ensaios de competição de genótipos de milho do Brasil correspondendo ao ensaio do ciclo precoce. Para os dois anos de experimento o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de láttice (reticulado) com 49 tratamentos (2009/10) e alfa láttice com 39 tratamentos (2010/11) ambos com duas repetições. As características bromatológicas avaliadas foram o teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, energia líquida de lactação e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Para características agronômicas foram avaliadas a produção de matéria seca, percentagem de colmo, folhas verdes e espiga em relação à planta de milho, diâmetro de colmo, comprimento de espiga, diâmetro de espiga, massa de espiga, número de grão na fileira, número de fileiras, número de dias para o florescimento e produção total de grãos. Os resultados das variáveis observadas foram submetidos à análise de variância e as características que apresentaram diferença significativa foram comparadas pelo teste de SNK, em nível de 5% de significância, usando o software estatístico Genes. Foram estimados coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre as características morfológicas e bromatológicas avaliadas e procedeu-se ao diagnóstico da multicolinearidade. Em seguida, as correlações entre as características restantes foram desdobradas em efeitos diretos e indiretos realizados por meio da análise de trilha. Estes procedimentos foram repetidos em ambos os experimentos. Houve correlações positivas e negativas significativas, com efeito direto e indireto entre as características bromatológicas produção de matéria seca por hectare, proteína bruta e energia líquida de lactação com as características agronômicas da planta de milho. As características bromatológicas devem ser cada vez mais utilizadas para a seleção de materiais para a produção de silagem, principalmente as características de qualidade da fibra. / The objective of this study was to characterize the corn silages of different genotypes and to examine relationships between agronomic and chemical characteristics of corn silage in southwestern Paraná. So the experiment was conducted in farm of Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos in two years (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). In both years of experiments, maize seeds were supplied by Embrapa Milho e Sorgo (Sete Lagoas, MG) and are part of field trials of maize genotypes in Brazil representing the cycle test early. For the two years of the experiment experimental design used was lattice with 49 treatments (2009/10) and alpha lattice design with 39 treatments (2010/11) both with two replications. The chemical characteristics evaluated were: dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net energy of lactation and total digestible nutrients. The agronomic traits were as follows: dry matter yield, percentage of stems, green leaves and spike against corn plant, stem diameter, ear length, ear diameter, cob weight, grain number in row, number of rows, number of days to flowering and total grain production. The results of the observed variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the characteristics that showed significative differences were compared by SNK, at the 5% level of significance, using the statistical software Genes. Pearson correlation coefficients between morphological and qualitative characteristics were estimated the diagnosis of multicollinearity. Then the remaining correlations between traits were deployed in direct and indirect effects achieved through path analysis, was used to assist in the software GENES analysis of variance and track. These procedures were repeated in both experiments. There were significant positive and negative correlations with direct and indirect effects between the chemical characteristics of dry matter production per hectare, crude protein and net energy of lactation with agronomic characteristics of corn plant. The qualitative characteristics should be increasingly used for the selection of materials for the production of silage, especially the quality of the fiber.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho caracterizar as silagens de milho de diferentes genótipos e verificar as relações existentes entre características agronômicas e bromatológicas da silagem de milho no sudoeste do Paraná. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Câmpus Dois Vizinhos em dois anos agrícolas (2009/2010 e 2010/2011). Em ambos os anos de experimentos, as sementes de milho foram fornecidos pela Embrapa Milho e Sorgo (Sete Lagoas, MG) que fazem parte dos ensaios de competição de genótipos de milho do Brasil correspondendo ao ensaio do ciclo precoce. Para os dois anos de experimento o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de láttice (reticulado) com 49 tratamentos (2009/10) e alfa láttice com 39 tratamentos (2010/11) ambos com duas repetições. As características bromatológicas avaliadas foram o teor de matéria seca, matéria mineral, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, energia líquida de lactação e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Para características agronômicas foram avaliadas a produção de matéria seca, percentagem de colmo, folhas verdes e espiga em relação à planta de milho, diâmetro de colmo, comprimento de espiga, diâmetro de espiga, massa de espiga, número de grão na fileira, número de fileiras, número de dias para o florescimento e produção total de grãos. Os resultados das variáveis observadas foram submetidos à análise de variância e as características que apresentaram diferença significativa foram comparadas pelo teste de SNK, em nível de 5% de significância, usando o software estatístico Genes. Foram estimados coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre as características morfológicas e bromatológicas avaliadas e procedeu-se ao diagnóstico da multicolinearidade. Em seguida, as correlações entre as características restantes foram desdobradas em efeitos diretos e indiretos realizados por meio da análise de trilha. Estes procedimentos foram repetidos em ambos os experimentos. Houve correlações positivas e negativas significativas, com efeito direto e indireto entre as características bromatológicas produção de matéria seca por hectare, proteína bruta e energia líquida de lactação com as características agronômicas da planta de milho. As características bromatológicas devem ser cada vez mais utilizadas para a seleção de materiais para a produção de silagem, principalmente as características de qualidade da fibra. / The objective of this study was to characterize the corn silages of different genotypes and to examine relationships between agronomic and chemical characteristics of corn silage in southwestern Paraná. So the experiment was conducted in farm of Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Dois Vizinhos in two years (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). In both years of experiments, maize seeds were supplied by Embrapa Milho e Sorgo (Sete Lagoas, MG) and are part of field trials of maize genotypes in Brazil representing the cycle test early. For the two years of the experiment experimental design used was lattice with 49 treatments (2009/10) and alpha lattice design with 39 treatments (2010/11) both with two replications. The chemical characteristics evaluated were: dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net energy of lactation and total digestible nutrients. The agronomic traits were as follows: dry matter yield, percentage of stems, green leaves and spike against corn plant, stem diameter, ear length, ear diameter, cob weight, grain number in row, number of rows, number of days to flowering and total grain production. The results of the observed variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the characteristics that showed significative differences were compared by SNK, at the 5% level of significance, using the statistical software Genes. Pearson correlation coefficients between morphological and qualitative characteristics were estimated the diagnosis of multicollinearity. Then the remaining correlations between traits were deployed in direct and indirect effects achieved through path analysis, was used to assist in the software GENES analysis of variance and track. These procedures were repeated in both experiments. There were significant positive and negative correlations with direct and indirect effects between the chemical characteristics of dry matter production per hectare, crude protein and net energy of lactation with agronomic characteristics of corn plant. The qualitative characteristics should be increasingly used for the selection of materials for the production of silage, especially the quality of the fiber.

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Corn (Zea mays) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silages are used extensively in Virginia. A survey was conducted to determine chemical composition of these two forage silages grown in five geographical regions of Virginia; Eastern Virginia (EV), Northern Piedmont (NP), Southern Piedmont (SP), Shenandoah Valley (SV), and South-Western Virginia (SWV). A total of 889 samples of corn silage, 106 of ammoniated corn silage and 247 of alfalfa silage collected during 1988 and 1989 from 76 counties, were analyzed for fiber, N, and macro- and micro-nutrients. Chemical composition of the silages was correlated with S applied in fertilizer or manure. Data were compared with critical levels of mineral requirements of various classes of livestock. Alfalfa silage was higher (P < 0.05) in crude protein (CP), P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Fe than com silage. Ammoniated corn silage was higher (P < 0.01) in CP and NS ratio, and lower in P, S (P < 0.01) and K (P < 0.05) concentrations than non-ammoniated corn silage. For lactating dairy cows, 86 and 95% of corn silage and ammoniated corn silage, respectively, grown throughout the State were deficient in P. Information supplied by farmers suggested that manure application increased P concentration of these forages. Over 90% of all corn silage would not have met the Ca requirements of dairy cows, however, 97% of the alfalfa silage was excessive in Ca concentration for dairy cows and could have served as a Ca supplement to the diet. Nitrogen:S ratio indicated S deficiency (N:S ratio > 12) in 34, 89 and 41% of samples of corn silage, ammoniated corn silage and alfalfa silage for dairy cattle and in 85, 96 and 91% of the respective silages for sheep (N:S ratio > 10). Based on S concentrations, 96% of corn silage and ammoniated corn silage grown throughout Virginia were S deficient for dairy cows while 72% of corn silage and 86% of ammoniated corn silage were deficient in S for sheep. Sulphur concentrations in silages did not indicate S deficiencies for plant growth. Over 60% of corn and alfalfa silages would not have met nutritional requirements for Zn and Cu in lactating dairy cows but requirements for Mg and Mn would have been supplied by more than half of the silages produced in Virginia. Regional/ geographical variations in almost all the nutrients were observed for both forages. Generally, corn silage grown in EV was lower in CP, TDN, Mg, and Mn and was higher in ADF compared to silage grown in the rest of the State. Lower CP, Ca, and S were observed in alfalfa silage grown in EV compared to the mean of other regions. Generally, higher N:S ratio in corn and alfalfa silages and lower P were found in alfalfa silage grown in Western Highlands compared to Piedmont region. Also CP and Ca were lower in corn silage grown in SWV compared to SV while Mg was lower in either silage grown in SV compared to SWV region. In general, concentrations of P, Ca, S, Zn, and Cu in corn silage and ammoniated corn silage were widely deficient ( > 70% samples deficient) for dairy cattle, and deficient in S for sheep. Magnesium deficiencies were less frequent. In alfalfa silage concentrations of Zn, and Cu were low for dairy cows. Nitrogen:S ratios indicated S deficiency for livestock, particularly in sheep and lactating dairy cows. / Master of Science

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