Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1954. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-58).

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In this study diatom distribution within the lower Save River, Mozambique, has been identified from surface sediments, surface water, mangrove cortex and buried sediments. Sandy units, bracketing a geographically extensive clay layer, have been dated with optical stimulated luminescence (OSL). Diatom analysis has been used to interpret the spatial salinity gradient and to discuss taphonomic processes within the delta. Previously, one study has been performed in the investigated area and it is of great importance to continue to identify diatom distributions since siliceous microfossils are widely used for paleoenvironmental research. Two diatom taxa, which were not possible to classify to species level have been identified; Cyclotella sp. and Diploneis sp. It is suggested that these represent species not earlier described; however they are assigned a brackish water affinity. Diatom analysis from surface water, surface sediments and mangrove cortex indicate a transition from ocean water to a dominance of freshwater taxa c. 10 km upstream the delta front. Further, ratios between marine/brackish taxa for samples from surface water and surface sediments do not correspond. It is therefore suggested that diatoms in surface sediments underestimate prevailing salinity conditions in water. In the investigated area extensive taphonomic processes seem to have large impact on diatom frustules in sediments and may bias interpretations. Therefore it is recommended to carefully investigate geology, geomorphology and vegetation before diatom analysis is applied in studies of delta paleoenvironments.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-221). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

The organic-rich mudrocks of the Jurassic Fernie Formation in British Columbia, Canada contain unusual silica concretions. The silica originated from dissolved volcanic ashes found in the Highwood Member. A lack of radial trends in d13C and internal zonation demonstrate that these concretions grew pervasively. Stable isotope data from calcite inter-grown within the silica matrix (d13C and d18O) indicate that the concretions formed during sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The d34S revealed a suppressed sulfur fractionation and suggest that they formed in a system that became progressively closed. The Fernie concretions offer insight into the formation of siliceous concretions in marine environments.

[Truncated abstract] Many researchers have proposed the use of silicate rock fertilizers (SRFs) as alternatives to chemical fertilizers. However, the application of SRFs in modern agricultural practices is limited due mainly to the slow release of plant-nutrient elements from SRFs and consequently many tonnes/ha of SRFs may need to be applied. Simple and inexpensive methods of modifying the physicochemical properties of SRFs are needed to improve the agronomic effectiveness of SRFs. This thesis is focused on the evaluation of high-energy milling to produce superfine particles to improve the effectiveness of mafic (basalt and dolerite) and felsic (gneiss and K-feldspar) rocks for use as fertilizers. The ground mafic rocks are for use as Ca and Mg fertilizers and the ground felsic rocks as K fertilizers. Laboratory and glasshouse experiments were conducted with several potential SRFs. In laboratory experiments, initially milled rocks (Ø< 250 μm for basalt, dolerite, and gneiss; Ø < 150 μm for K-feldspar) were further milled with a ball mill (Spex-8000) for 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min under dry and wet (rock/water ratio = 1/3) conditions. To investigate possible reaction between constituents, other subsamples of initially milled basalt, dolerite, and gneiss were added to reagent grade NaCl or KCl (4.5 g rock + 0.5 g NaCl or KCl) and milled for 120 min under dry and wet conditions. Basalt and dolerite were also mixed with K-feldspar at a ratio of 1 : 1 and milled for 120 min under dry and wet conditions. For use in the glasshouse experiment, the initially milled rocks were further milled with a vertical stirred ball mill for 1 h in a dry condition. The elemental and mineralogical compositions of the SRFs were determined using XRF and XRD. Effects of milling on major physicochemical properties of milled rocks were determined, including particle size (Malvern Mastersizer), surface area (BET-N2), quantities of amorphous constituents (XRD, oxalic acid-oxalate extraction, TEM), extractable cations (1M CH3COONH4 pH 7), pHH2O, and electric conductivity. Dissolution kinetics in 0.01M acetic-citric acids (for 56 days) and soil (for 10 months) were determined. Based on the results of these laboratory experiments, a glasshouse experiment was carried out for 12 months to evaluate the effects of SRF application on growth and nutrient uptake of ryegrass grown on several soils. Milling reduced particle size, enhanced amorphism, and increased the release of structural cations from the rocks, with the effects due to dry milling being greater than for wet milling. The optimum milling times which produced maximum amounts of exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) were 30 - 90 min, depending on rock type. The use of NaCl and KCl as milling additives did not enhance the properties of the SRF

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-163). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-131).

O Distrito Mineiro de Salto do Jacuí (DMSJ) compreende a maior jazida de ágata em geodos do RS. O DMSJ está inserido na Supersequência Gondwana III (da Bacia do Paraná) onde são posicionadas a rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral (Cretáceo) e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu (Jurássico). Observa-se ainda a interação entre as lavas e os sedimentos (intertraps arenosos) formando feições como diques de arenito, fraturas e geodos preenchidos por sedimentos além de diversos tipos de brechas, sempre associados com a mineralização de ágata. Ideias que abrangem desde uma origem magmática a altas temperaturas como também uma possível formação a temperaturas mais baixas tem sido apresentadas, mas até o momento não há um consenso sobre a gênese deste mineral. Neste trabalho são aplicadas técnicas estratigráficas, químicas e isotópicas na análise da mineralização de ágata com objetivo de caracterizar e propor um modelo para a sua formação. As rochas vulcânicas, as sedimentares e amostras de ágata foram analisadas por técnicas petrográficas, por difratometria de raios X (DRX), por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análises químicas (em amostras de rocha total) e isotópicas (relações isotópicas do Sr, Nd, Nd e O). Em relação às rochas vulcânicas ficou caracterizada a presença de derrames de basalto e de dacito. Os arenitos dos intertraps são semelhantes ao arenito Botucatu. No entanto, localmente, foi descrita uma fácies mais fina, argilosa e micácea interpretada como possível ambiente do tipo interduna. A ágata tem diferentes características petrográficas, químicas e isotópicas o que mostra a complexidade dos processos envolvidos na sua gênese. O modelo de formação da ágata destaca a formação de um fluido silicoso a partir da lixiviação da sílica da matriz vítrea dos dacitos por águas meteóricas. A solução saturada em sílica gerada migra através do sistema permo-poroso onde predominam as fraturas e microfraturas. Esta solução ao encontrar um espaço maior, os geodos, precipita observando a sequência: opala – calcedônia – ágata – quartzo macrocristalino. Como a ágata normalmente é encontrada nas proximidades dos geodos com sedimentos (interduna??) e também por evidências isotópicas, pode-se supor que no modelo proposto, secundariamente houve influência de água/nível freático associada com a facies fina do intertrap. Assim, com base em diferentes técnicas analíticas foi possível propor um modelo genético de baixa temperatura para a mineralização de ágata do DMSJ. / Salto do Jacuí Mining District (DMSJ) comprises the largest deposit of agate geodes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The DMSJ is included in the Gondwana III Supersequence (Paraná Basin) where the volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation (Cretaceous) are positioned, as well as the sandstones of the Botucatu Formation (Jurassic). Also, interaction between lavas and sediments (sandstone intertraps) is present, creating features such as sandstone dikes, fractures and geodes filled by sediment. Several types of breccias are observed too and they are always associated with the agate mineralization. Until now, there is no consensus about the genesis of this mineral and propositions include the influence of a magmatic source to high temperatures, as well as formation at lower temperatures. In the present work, we applied stratigraphic, chemical and isotopic techniques in the analysis of agate mineralization in order to characterize and propose a model for its formation. The agate samples, the volcanic and sedimentary rocks were analyzed with the help of petrographic techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analyses (in whole rock samples) and isotopic analyses (isotopic ratios of Sr Nd, Nd and O). The volcanic rocks were characterized by the presence of basaltic flows and dacite. The intertrap sandstones are similar to those observed in the Botucatu sandstone. However, locally, it has been described a finer, clay-rich and micaceous facies, interpreted as possible interdune environment. Agate displayed different petrographic, chemical and isotopic characteristics, showing the complexity of the processes involved in its genesis. The model of agate formation indicates that a siliceous fluid is generated from the leaching of silica of the dacites glass matrix by rainwater. The saturated silica solution migrates through the permo-porous system where fractures and microfractures predominate. When this solution flows into a larger space, like geodes, it precipitates according to the following sequence: opalchalcedony- agate-quartz. Usually, agate is found in the surroundings of geodes containing sediments (interdune?), but also by isotopic evidence. Taking these facts into account, we can assume that the proposed model was secondarily influenced by water/groundwater level associated with the thin facies of intertrap. Thus, based on different techniques, it was possible to propose a genetic model for the low temperature agate formation in DMSJ.