O Distrito Mineiro de Salto do Jacuí (DMSJ) compreende a maior jazida de ágata em geodos do RS. O DMSJ está inserido na Supersequência Gondwana III (da Bacia do Paraná) onde são posicionadas a rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral (Cretáceo) e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu (Jurássico). Observa-se ainda a interação entre as lavas e os sedimentos (intertraps arenosos) formando feições como diques de arenito, fraturas e geodos preenchidos por sedimentos além de diversos tipos de brechas, sempre associados com a mineralização de ágata. Ideias que abrangem desde uma origem magmática a altas temperaturas como também uma possível formação a temperaturas mais baixas tem sido apresentadas, mas até o momento não há um consenso sobre a gênese deste mineral. Neste trabalho são aplicadas técnicas estratigráficas, químicas e isotópicas na análise da mineralização de ágata com objetivo de caracterizar e propor um modelo para a sua formação. As rochas vulcânicas, as sedimentares e amostras de ágata foram analisadas por técnicas petrográficas, por difratometria de raios X (DRX), por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análises químicas (em amostras de rocha total) e isotópicas (relações isotópicas do Sr, Nd, Nd e O). Em relação às rochas vulcânicas ficou caracterizada a presença de derrames de basalto e de dacito. Os arenitos dos intertraps são semelhantes ao arenito Botucatu. No entanto, localmente, foi descrita uma fácies mais fina, argilosa e micácea interpretada como possível ambiente do tipo interduna. A ágata tem diferentes características petrográficas, químicas e isotópicas o que mostra a complexidade dos processos envolvidos na sua gênese. O modelo de formação da ágata destaca a formação de um fluido silicoso a partir da lixiviação da sílica da matriz vítrea dos dacitos por águas meteóricas. A solução saturada em sílica gerada migra através do sistema permo-poroso onde predominam as fraturas e microfraturas. Esta solução ao encontrar um espaço maior, os geodos, precipita observando a sequência: opala – calcedônia – ágata – quartzo macrocristalino. Como a ágata normalmente é encontrada nas proximidades dos geodos com sedimentos (interduna??) e também por evidências isotópicas, pode-se supor que no modelo proposto, secundariamente houve influência de água/nível freático associada com a facies fina do intertrap. Assim, com base em diferentes técnicas analíticas foi possível propor um modelo genético de baixa temperatura para a mineralização de ágata do DMSJ. / Salto do Jacuí Mining District (DMSJ) comprises the largest deposit of agate geodes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The DMSJ is included in the Gondwana III Supersequence (Paraná Basin) where the volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation (Cretaceous) are positioned, as well as the sandstones of the Botucatu Formation (Jurassic). Also, interaction between lavas and sediments (sandstone intertraps) is present, creating features such as sandstone dikes, fractures and geodes filled by sediment. Several types of breccias are observed too and they are always associated with the agate mineralization. Until now, there is no consensus about the genesis of this mineral and propositions include the influence of a magmatic source to high temperatures, as well as formation at lower temperatures. In the present work, we applied stratigraphic, chemical and isotopic techniques in the analysis of agate mineralization in order to characterize and propose a model for its formation. The agate samples, the volcanic and sedimentary rocks were analyzed with the help of petrographic techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analyses (in whole rock samples) and isotopic analyses (isotopic ratios of Sr Nd, Nd and O). The volcanic rocks were characterized by the presence of basaltic flows and dacite. The intertrap sandstones are similar to those observed in the Botucatu sandstone. However, locally, it has been described a finer, clay-rich and micaceous facies, interpreted as possible interdune environment. Agate displayed different petrographic, chemical and isotopic characteristics, showing the complexity of the processes involved in its genesis. The model of agate formation indicates that a siliceous fluid is generated from the leaching of silica of the dacites glass matrix by rainwater. The saturated silica solution migrates through the permo-porous system where fractures and microfractures predominate. When this solution flows into a larger space, like geodes, it precipitates according to the following sequence: opalchalcedony- agate-quartz. Usually, agate is found in the surroundings of geodes containing sediments (interdune?), but also by isotopic evidence. Taking these facts into account, we can assume that the proposed model was secondarily influenced by water/groundwater level associated with the thin facies of intertrap. Thus, based on different techniques, it was possible to propose a genetic model for the low temperature agate formation in DMSJ.

O Distrito Mineiro de Salto do Jacuí (DMSJ) compreende a maior jazida de ágata em geodos do RS. O DMSJ está inserido na Supersequência Gondwana III (da Bacia do Paraná) onde são posicionadas a rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral (Cretáceo) e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu (Jurássico). Observa-se ainda a interação entre as lavas e os sedimentos (intertraps arenosos) formando feições como diques de arenito, fraturas e geodos preenchidos por sedimentos além de diversos tipos de brechas, sempre associados com a mineralização de ágata. Ideias que abrangem desde uma origem magmática a altas temperaturas como também uma possível formação a temperaturas mais baixas tem sido apresentadas, mas até o momento não há um consenso sobre a gênese deste mineral. Neste trabalho são aplicadas técnicas estratigráficas, químicas e isotópicas na análise da mineralização de ágata com objetivo de caracterizar e propor um modelo para a sua formação. As rochas vulcânicas, as sedimentares e amostras de ágata foram analisadas por técnicas petrográficas, por difratometria de raios X (DRX), por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análises químicas (em amostras de rocha total) e isotópicas (relações isotópicas do Sr, Nd, Nd e O). Em relação às rochas vulcânicas ficou caracterizada a presença de derrames de basalto e de dacito. Os arenitos dos intertraps são semelhantes ao arenito Botucatu. No entanto, localmente, foi descrita uma fácies mais fina, argilosa e micácea interpretada como possível ambiente do tipo interduna. A ágata tem diferentes características petrográficas, químicas e isotópicas o que mostra a complexidade dos processos envolvidos na sua gênese. O modelo de formação da ágata destaca a formação de um fluido silicoso a partir da lixiviação da sílica da matriz vítrea dos dacitos por águas meteóricas. A solução saturada em sílica gerada migra através do sistema permo-poroso onde predominam as fraturas e microfraturas. Esta solução ao encontrar um espaço maior, os geodos, precipita observando a sequência: opala – calcedônia – ágata – quartzo macrocristalino. Como a ágata normalmente é encontrada nas proximidades dos geodos com sedimentos (interduna??) e também por evidências isotópicas, pode-se supor que no modelo proposto, secundariamente houve influência de água/nível freático associada com a facies fina do intertrap. Assim, com base em diferentes técnicas analíticas foi possível propor um modelo genético de baixa temperatura para a mineralização de ágata do DMSJ. / Salto do Jacuí Mining District (DMSJ) comprises the largest deposit of agate geodes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The DMSJ is included in the Gondwana III Supersequence (Paraná Basin) where the volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation (Cretaceous) are positioned, as well as the sandstones of the Botucatu Formation (Jurassic). Also, interaction between lavas and sediments (sandstone intertraps) is present, creating features such as sandstone dikes, fractures and geodes filled by sediment. Several types of breccias are observed too and they are always associated with the agate mineralization. Until now, there is no consensus about the genesis of this mineral and propositions include the influence of a magmatic source to high temperatures, as well as formation at lower temperatures. In the present work, we applied stratigraphic, chemical and isotopic techniques in the analysis of agate mineralization in order to characterize and propose a model for its formation. The agate samples, the volcanic and sedimentary rocks were analyzed with the help of petrographic techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analyses (in whole rock samples) and isotopic analyses (isotopic ratios of Sr Nd, Nd and O). The volcanic rocks were characterized by the presence of basaltic flows and dacite. The intertrap sandstones are similar to those observed in the Botucatu sandstone. However, locally, it has been described a finer, clay-rich and micaceous facies, interpreted as possible interdune environment. Agate displayed different petrographic, chemical and isotopic characteristics, showing the complexity of the processes involved in its genesis. The model of agate formation indicates that a siliceous fluid is generated from the leaching of silica of the dacites glass matrix by rainwater. The saturated silica solution migrates through the permo-porous system where fractures and microfractures predominate. When this solution flows into a larger space, like geodes, it precipitates according to the following sequence: opalchalcedony- agate-quartz. Usually, agate is found in the surroundings of geodes containing sediments (interdune?), but also by isotopic evidence. Taking these facts into account, we can assume that the proposed model was secondarily influenced by water/groundwater level associated with the thin facies of intertrap. Thus, based on different techniques, it was possible to propose a genetic model for the low temperature agate formation in DMSJ.

Comportement à haute température des bétons : influence de la nature du granulat.Cette étude porte sur l’influence de la nature du granulat sur le comportement des bétons à haute température. Les propriétés des granulats et les performances des bétons sont généralement classées en deux catégories basées sur leur composition chimique : les bétons de granulats calcaires et les bétons de granulats siliceux. Cependant, de récentes études ont montré que les comportements à haute température de différentes natures de granulats au sein de ces groupes compositionnels sont particulièrement différents. La pertinence de cette distinction est donc discutée au travers de ces résultats.Dans un premier temps, une étude pétrographique (composition minéralogique) sur deux granulats siliceux et deux granulats calcaires, représentatifs des deux catégories, est réalisée. Leurs propriétés physiques (densité, porosité, granulométrie) sont déterminées. L’évolution des caractéristiques minéralogiques est étudiée en passant par l’identification des phénomènes physico-chimiques (modification minéralogique identifiée par DRX, ATG/DSC) survenant au cours du chauffage. Cela permet d’interpréter leurs influences sur l’évolution de la capacité thermique et de la dilatation thermique linéaire des granulats. Des observations à différentes échelles après des cycles de c/r à différents paliers de température jusqu’à 750 °C permettent de décrire et d’évaluer l’endommagement des granulats.Dans un deuxième temps, des bétons et des mortiers (Eeff./C = 0,6 et 0,3) sont confectionnés avec ces granulats (gravillons et sables). Les processus thermo-chimiques sont identifiés et la dilatation thermique des mortiers est mesurée à chaud jusqu’à 1000 °C. Les propriétés thermiques à chaud des bétons (conductivité thermique, capacité thermique, diffusivité thermique) sont mesurées jusqu’à 300 °C et la réponse thermique jusqu’à 750 °C. La fissuration résiduelle est observée à l’échelle macroscopique et microscopique (microscope optique et MEB). L’évolution de la porosité et des propriétés mécaniques résiduelles (résistance à la compression, module d’élasticité et résistance à la traction par fendage) sont estimées après des cycles de c/r à différents paliers de température jusqu’à 750 °C. / High temperature behaviour of concrete : influence of the nature of the aggregates.This study deals with the influence of the nature of the aggregates on the behaviour of concrete undergoing to high temperature stress. Aggregate properties and concrete mechanical performances are usually classified into two categories based on chemical components: calcareous aggregates concretes and siliceous aggregates concretes. However, recent studies showed that high temperature behavior of aggregates within a same group of composition can be particularly different. The relevance of this distinction is discussed through these results.Firstly, a petrographic study (mineralogical composition) on two siliceous and two calcareous aggregates, representative of the two categories of composition is performed. Their physical properties (density, porosity, granular distribution) are determined. The evolution of mineralogical characteristics is performed through the identification of physico-chemical phenomena (mineralogical changes identified by XRD, TGA/DSC) happening during heating. It allows interpreting their influence on the evolution of specific heat capacity and thermal expansion of aggregates. The different scales observations made after heating/cooling cycles at different target temperatures until 750 °C allow the description and the evaluation of aggregates physical damage.Secondly, concretes and mortars (Weff./C = 0.6 and 0.3) are made with these aggregates (gravel and sand). Physico-chemical processes are identified and thermal expansion of mortar are measured during heating until 1000 °C. Hot thermal properties of concretes (conductivity, specific heat capacity, diffusivity) are measured until 300 °C and thermal response until 750 °C. Residual cracking is observed at macroscopic and microscopic scale (optical microscope and SEM). The evolution of porosity and mechanical residual properties (compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and tensile splitting strength) are assessed after heating/cooling cycle at different target temperatures until 750 °C.

Palladium catalysts are frequently used in C-C coupling reactions. The aim of this work is to prepare several heterogeneous palladium catalysts from comercially available silica gel, each with different bifunctional ligand deposited on the surface of silica gel by N-propylamide linking group, and their testing on several C-C coupling reactions (Heck reaction, reaction of acyl chlorides with boronic acids and reaction of acyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes). Some other aspects of heterogeneous catalysis (such as palladium leaching into the reaction mixture and possibility of catalyst reuse) are discussed, too. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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Milhares de cones siliciosos foram mapeados próximo de Anhembi, estado de São Paulo, e sugere tratar-se do mais importante registro geológico resultante de uma intensa atividade hidrotermal ocorrida no Período Permiano. Essa ocorrência é única no mundo devido à grande quantidade de cones silicosos e sua distribuição em pequena área. Na realidade, esses cones siliciosos foram classificados como geiseritos, registrando a existência de gêiseres no final do Permiano. Os geiseritos encontrados em Anhembi desenvolveram-se simultaneamente à sedimentação do siltitos e arenitos da Formação Teresina. Os cones encontram-se bem preservados, pois estão sendo exumados pela erosão moderna. No entanto, há indícios da presença de corpos ainda soterrados nos sedimentos da Formação Teresina. A fim de identifica-los foi usado os métodos geofísicos do georradar e da resistividade para mapeamento de subsuperfície. Os resultados mostram que há corpos enterrados até seis metros de profundidade nas localidades em que os geiseritos encontram-se exumados. Portanto, o campo de ocorrência desses cones é maior que o inicialmente conhecido pelas evidências em superfície. / Thousands of siliceous mounds have been found near to Anhembi, state of São Paulo, which are supposed to be the geological record of a huge hydrothermal activity of Late Permian. This occurrence is unique in the world due to the number of siliceous mounds and its distribution in a small area. Actually, these siliceous mounds are nominated geyserites since they record the existence of geysers at Late Permian. Geyserites found in Anhembi developed simultaneously with sedimentation of siltstones and sandstones of the Teresina Formation. These geyserites are being exhumed by modern erosion and this is the reason they are well preserved. However, it´s presumed there are a lot of buried geyserites still within sediments of the Teresina Formation. In order to identify them we used GPR - ground penetrating radar - and resistivity to subsurface mapping. Results show buried geyserites four meters below the ground surface where exhumed geyserites are found. Therefore, this geyserite field is much bigger than it is supposed to be just seeing on the ground surface.

Milhares de cones siliciosos foram mapeados próximo de Anhembi, estado de São Paulo, e sugere tratar-se do mais importante registro geológico resultante de uma intensa atividade hidrotermal ocorrida no Período Permiano. Essa ocorrência é única no mundo devido à grande quantidade de cones silicosos e sua distribuição em pequena área. Na realidade, esses cones siliciosos foram classificados como geiseritos, registrando a existência de gêiseres no final do Permiano. Os geiseritos encontrados em Anhembi desenvolveram-se simultaneamente à sedimentação do siltitos e arenitos da Formação Teresina. Os cones encontram-se bem preservados, pois estão sendo exumados pela erosão moderna. No entanto, há indícios da presença de corpos ainda soterrados nos sedimentos da Formação Teresina. A fim de identifica-los foi usado os métodos geofísicos do georradar e da resistividade para mapeamento de subsuperfície. Os resultados mostram que há corpos enterrados até seis metros de profundidade nas localidades em que os geiseritos encontram-se exumados. Portanto, o campo de ocorrência desses cones é maior que o inicialmente conhecido pelas evidências em superfície. / Thousands of siliceous mounds have been found near to Anhembi, state of São Paulo, which are supposed to be the geological record of a huge hydrothermal activity of Late Permian. This occurrence is unique in the world due to the number of siliceous mounds and its distribution in a small area. Actually, these siliceous mounds are nominated geyserites since they record the existence of geysers at Late Permian. Geyserites found in Anhembi developed simultaneously with sedimentation of siltstones and sandstones of the Teresina Formation. These geyserites are being exhumed by modern erosion and this is the reason they are well preserved. However, it´s presumed there are a lot of buried geyserites still within sediments of the Teresina Formation. In order to identify them we used GPR - ground penetrating radar - and resistivity to subsurface mapping. Results show buried geyserites four meters below the ground surface where exhumed geyserites are found. Therefore, this geyserite field is much bigger than it is supposed to be just seeing on the ground surface.

The Inner Piedmont (IP) is the Neoacadian migmatitic orogenic core of the southern Appalachians, exhibiting the widest area of high-grade metamorphism; regional upper amphibolite facies with isolated pods of granulite grade metamorphism. Peak P-T conditions in central GA reached 4.0-7.6 kbars and 630-715 ̊ C. The Brindle Creek fault (BCf) separates high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Tugaloo terrane (Tt) and Cat Square terrane (CSt). The Tt consists of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(?) Tallulah Falls Formation, Chauga River Formation, and the Mid-Ordovician Poor Mountain Formation, intruded by Early to Middle Ordovician granitoids. The CSt consists of Siluro-Devonian metasedimentary rocks, such as sillimanite-schist, biotite gneiss, amphibolite, and minor calc-silicate, intruded by Acadian-Neoacadian plutons. Original termination of the CSt was mapped by the USGS just south of Athens, GA, against the central Piedmont suture; however, new evidence from aeromagnetic anomalies and detailed geologic mapping revealed that the CSt and BCf extend into central GA. The BCf truncates a suite of curved magnetic anomalies on the aeromagnetic map. The curved anomalies that truncate against the linear feature may represent the Neoacadian deflection of the IP southwestward along the crustally weak Brevard fault zone. Another prominent lineament was identified southeast of the BCf; detailed geologic mapping revealed an additional thrust sheet in the CSt. Mesozoic brittle reactivation of the late Paleozoic dextral Towaliga fault was also identified striking NE-SW through the field area. Multiple episodes of movement were observed in outcrop and at the micro-scale, defined by crosscutting fracture sets. Low temperature quartz mylonite (350-450 ̊ C) may signify continued shearing of the IP into the late Alleghanian orogeny. A felsic plutonic suite extends the length of the field area, consisting of three distinct granitoids: (1) an older biotite-rich megacrystic granite with megacrysts of K-feldspar; (2) a weakly foliated medium to coarse grained inequigranular granodiorite; and (3) a younger non-foliated fine-grained granodiorite. Analysis revealed that granitoids from central GA are similar texturally and petrographically with granitoids from NC’s CSt. Further whole-rock geochemical analysis revealed that these rocks share similar REE, trace element, and tectonic discriminate patterns. The most important point garnered from the trace element and REE patterns in spider diagrams, such as similarities in peaks and troughs, is that they must share either a common parent, process, or contaminant.

The Inner Piedmont (IP) is the Neoacadian migmatitic orogenic core of the southern Appalachians, exhibiting the widest area of high-grade metamorphism; regional upper amphibolite facies with isolated pods of granulite grade metamorphism. Peak P-T conditions in central GA reached 4.0-7.6 kbars and 630-715 ̊ C. The Brindle Creek fault (BCf) separates high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Tugaloo terrane (Tt) and Cat Square terrane (CSt). The Tt consists of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(?) Tallulah Falls Formation, Chauga River Formation, and the Mid-Ordovician Poor Mountain Formation, intruded by Early to Middle Ordovician granitoids. The CSt consists of Siluro-Devonian metasedimentary rocks, such as sillimanite-schist, biotite gneiss, amphibolite, and minor calc-silicate, intruded by Acadian-Neoacadian plutons. Original termination of the CSt was mapped by the USGS just south of Athens, GA, against the central Piedmont suture; however, new evidence from aeromagnetic anomalies and detailed geologic mapping revealed that the CSt and BCf extend into central GA. The BCf truncates a suite of curved magnetic anomalies on the aeromagnetic map. The curved anomalies that truncate against the linear feature may represent the Neoacadian deflection of the IP southwestward along the crustally weak Brevard fault zone. Another prominent lineament was identified southeast of the BCf; detailed geologic mapping revealed an additional thrust sheet in the CSt. Mesozoic brittle reactivation of the late Paleozoic dextral Towaliga fault was also identified striking NE-SW through the field area. Multiple episodes of movement were observed in outcrop and at the micro-scale, defined by crosscutting fracture sets. Low temperature quartz mylonite (350-450 ̊ C) may signify continued shearing of the IP into the late Alleghanian orogeny.A felsic plutonic suite extends the length of the field area, consisting of three distinct granitoids: (1) an older biotite-rich megacrystic granite with megacrysts of K-feldspar; (2) a weakly foliated medium to coarse grained inequigranular granodiorite; and (3) a younger non-foliated fine-grained granodiorite. Analysis revealed that granitoids from central GA are similar texturally and petrographically with granitoids from NC’s CSt. Further whole-rock geochemical analysis revealed that these rocks share similar REE, trace element, and tectonic discriminate patterns. The most important point garnered from the trace element and REE patterns in spider diagrams, such as similarities in peaks and troughs, is that they must share either a common parent, process, or contaminant.