Compact heat exchangers such as porous foam coldplates have great potential as a high heat flux cooling solution for electronics due to their large surface area to volume ratio and tortuous coolant path. The focus of this work was the development of unit cell modeling techniques for predicting the performance of coldplates with porous foam in the coolant path. Multiple computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models which predict porous foam coldplate pressure drop and heat transfer performance were constructed and compared to gain insight into how to best translate the foam microstructure into unit cell model geometry. Unit cell modeling in this study was realized by applying periodic boundary conditions to the coolant entrance and exit faces of a representative unit cell. A parametric study was also undertaken which evaluated dissimilar geometry translation recommendations from the literature. The use of an effective thermal conductivity for a representative orthogonal lattice of rectangular ligaments was compared to a porosity-matching technique of a similar lattice. Model accuracy was evaluated using experimental test data collected from a porous copper foam coldplate using deionized water as coolant. The compact heat exchanger testing facility which was designed and constructed for this investigation was shown to be capable of performing tests with coolant flow rates up to 300 mL/min and heat fluxes up to 290 W/cm2. The greatest technical challenge of the testing facility design proved to be the method of applying the heat flux across a 1 cm2 contact area. Based on the computational modeling results and experimental test data, porous foam modeling recommendations and porous foam coldplate design suggestions were generated.

Produktion i lågspänningsnätet ökar kraftigt, bara under år 2014 dubblerades antalet nätanslutna solcellsanläggningar i Sverige. Utvecklingen ser ut att hålla i sig och då dessa anläggningar ofta är små är det troligt att flera ansluts genom en enfasigt ansluten växelriktare. Ett symmetriskt trefassystem består av tre fasspänningarna med samma amplitud, frekvens och förskjutna 120˚ från varandra. Laster och produktionsenheter som inte är trefasigt nätanslutna ger upphov till ett osymmetriskt driftfall. Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur spänningen påverkas av osymmetriska laster och produktionsenheter i Vattenfalls lågspänningsnät. Målet med arbetet är att skapa ett beräkningsverktyg som kan användas av Vattenfall Eldistribution för att undersöka hur spänningen påverkas vid olika osymmetriska driftfall. Beräkningsvertyget har skapats i Matlab och utgår från kända värden för spänningen i matningspunkten och impedansen mellan matningspunkten och anslutningspunkten. Dessutom anges effekt och effektfaktor för eventuell produktion och förbrukning i respektive fas. Beräkningsmodellen beräknar spänningar och strömmar i anslutningspunkten samt spänningens osymmetri. Verifiering av beräkningsmodellen har utförts genom att jämföra beräknat resultat med ”Kurvor för förenklad bedömning av nätstyrka” som återfinns i MIKRO-handboken, utgiven av branschorganisationen Svensk Energi. En fältstudie har utförts på en enfasigt nätansluten solcellsanläggning. Mätresultatet från denna har jämförts med resultat från beräkningsmodellen. Dessutom har laboratoriemätningar på en försöksuppställning genomförts. Försöksuppställningen modellerade en lågspänningskund ansluten till ett svagt nät, med enfasigt ansluten produktion och last. Mätresultatet från försöksuppställningen jämfördes med resultat från beräkningsmodellen. I jämförelse mellan den framtagna beräkningsmodellen och MIKRO-handboken konstateras att de stämmer överens. I jämförelse med mätresultat från fältstudien konstateras att beräkningsmodellen troligtvis räknar rätt men att mätningarna inte enbart kan användas för att verifiera modellen då det är en liten spänningsvariation och många troliga felkällor. Resultatet från försöksuppställningen konstateras överensstämma med beräknade värden och kan därför bekräfta att beräkningsmodellen är korrekt utformad. / Production in the low voltage distribution network increases, just in 2014 the number of grid-connected photovoltaic systems in Sweden doubled. The trend seems to continue, and since these plants often are small, it is likely that several are connected to a single-phase connected inverter. A symmetrical three-phase system consisting three phase voltages of equal magnitude, frequency and displaced 120˚ apart. Loads and production units that are not three-phase grid-connected, causes an asymmetrical operating condition. The purpose of this report is to study how the voltage is affected by asymmetrical loads and production units in Vattenfall’s low voltage network. The aim of this work is to create a calculation tool that can be used by Vattenfall Eldistribution to study how the voltage is affected at different asymmetrical operating conditions. The calculation tool is created in Matlab and is based on the known values of the voltage in the feed point and the impedance between the feed point and the connection point. Even power and power factor for possible production and consumption in each phase are set up. The calculation model calculates the voltages and currents at the connection point and the voltage asymmetry. Verification of the calculation model have been carried out by comparing the calculated results with "Curves for simplified assessment of grid strength” included in MIKRO-handboken, published by Svensk Energi. A field study has been performed on a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic plant. The measurement result of this has been compared with the results of the calculation model. Also, laboratory measurements on an experimental set-up was performed. The experimental set-up corresponded a low voltage customer connected to a weak grid, with single-phase connected production and load. Measurement results of the experimental setup were compared with the results of the calculation model. Comparison between the developed calculation model and MIKRO-handboken concludes that they match. By comparison with measurements from the field study, it is concluded that the calculation model is probably correctly calculating, but that measurements alone can’t be used to verify the model because the voltage variation is too small and there are many likely sources of error. The results of the experimental set-up match with the calculated values and can therefore confirm that the calculation model is correctly designed.

We use Darcy's law and conservation of mass to model the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. It is a second order elliptic system with a heterogeneous coefficient. We consider the equations written in mixed form. In the heterogeneous case, we define a new multiscale mortar space that incorporates purely local information from homogenization theory to better approximate the solution along the interfaces with just a few degrees of freedom. In the case of a locally periodic heterogeneous coefficient of period epsilon, we prove that the new method achieves both optimal order error estimates in the discretization parameters and good approximation when epsilon is small. Moreover, we present numerical examples to assess its performance when the coefficient is not obviously locally periodic. We show that the new mortar method works well, and better than polynomial mortar spaces. On the other hand, we also propose to use multiscale mortars as a coarse component to construct a two-level preconditioner for the saddle point linear system arising from the fine scale discretization of the mixed finite element system. The two-level preconditioners are constructed based on the interfaces. We propose a framework to define the interpolation operators for the face based two-level preconditioners for different combination of coarse and fine scale mortar spaces for matching and nonmatching grids. In this dissertation, we show that for quasi-homogeneous problems and matching grids, the condition number of the preconditioned interface operator is bounded by (log(H/h))², which is the same as the traditional two-level preconditioners, for quasi-homogeneous problems. We show several numerical examples to demonstrate that for the strongly heterogeneous porous media, it is often desirable and even necessary to use a higher dimensional coarse mortar space to construct the coarse preconditioner to achieve convergence. We apply our ideas to study slightly compressible single phase and two-phase flow in a porous medium. We find that for the nonlinear single phase problem, the two-level preconditioners could be successfully applied to the symmetrized linear system. For the two-phase problem, using the fine scale, instead of multiscale, velocity solutions from the flow problem can greatly benefit the transport problem. / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και την κατασκευή ενός μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα Η5, ο οποίος χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε τοπολογίες αντιστροφέων χωρίς μετασχηματιστή για τη διασύνδεση φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι να καταστεί σαφής η λειτουργία του αντιστροφέα Η5 μέσω της θεωρητικής ανάλυσής του. Ακόμη, σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι να γίνει κατανοητός ο λόγος για τον οποίο ο αντιστροφέας Η5 βρίσκει μεγάλη εφαρμογή και προτιμάται έναντι άλλων τοπολογιών αντιστροφέων στα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα ισχύος της τάξης των 5-20 kW. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται η ανάγκη εκμετάλλευσης της ηλιακής ενέργειας και περιγράφονται εν συντομία τα φωτοβολταϊκά στοιχεία που αποτελούν καθοριστικό ρόλο στον τομέα αυτό. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφονται τα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα, οι τρόποι διασύνδεσής τους με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης καθώς και οι τοπολογίες αντιστροφέων χωρίς μετασχηματιστή. Ακολούθως, παρατίθεται η θεωρητική ανάλυση και η προσομοίωση του αντιστροφέα Η5 καθώς και η σύγκρισή του με την τοπολογία πλήρους γέφυρας. Τέλος, αναλύεται η διαδικασία υλοποίησης κάθε σταδίου του μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα τύπου Η5 και παρατίθενται παλμογραφήματα και μετρήσεις που προέκυψαν από τα πειράματα που διενεργήθηκαν μετά την ολοκλήρωση της κατασκευής σε εργαστηριακό περιβάλλον. / This thesis deals with the design and construction of a single-phase H5 inverter, which is widely used in transformerless inverter topologies to interconnect PV modules to the low voltage grid. The study was prepared in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the operation of the H5 inverter through theoretical analysis. Moreover, the aim of this work is to illustrate the reason why the H5 inverter finds wide application and is preferred over other transformerless inverter topologies in photovoltaic power systems in the range of 5-20 kW. Initially, is presented the need to exploit solar energy and are described shortly PV modules which form a key role in this area. Then, takes place a description of photovoltaic systems, the interconnection ways to the low voltage grid as well different transformerless topologies. Thereafter,is presented the theoretical analysis and simulation of H5 inverter and its comparison with the full-bridge topology. Finally, is analyzed the implementation process of every step of the single-phase H5 inverter,while some graphs and measurements obtained from the experiments carried out after the copletion of H5 inverter's construction in a lab environment are cited.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafael Campos resumo.pdf: 28958 bytes, checksum: c0306d4f10c2c1dab1c5e8750f4a0ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work is to study the rotor flux vector control applied to a single-phase induction motor drive. Initially, a mathematical model of the motor will be derived. The motor equations will be transformed to the stationary reference frame so that the angular dependency due to the asymmetry of the motor variables is eliminated. Then is discussed that single-phase induction motor can be viewed as a two-phase system. A mathematical model to derive the motor parameters is presented. The next step is to analyze the rotor flux vector control, pointing out the need for a symmetry transformation of the motor parameters. Two control methods are presented: direct rotor flux control and indirect rotor flux control. Theses control methods are validated through numerical simulations. Experimental analyses making use of a digital signal processor are carried out. The results obtained show the good dynamic response when the vector control method is applied to a single-phase induction motor drive system. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o acionamento do motor de indução utilizando o método de controle vetorial por fluxo de rotor. Inicialmente, desenvolvido o modelo matemático do motor de indução monofásico transformado o eixo estacionário para que seja eliminada a dependência angular das variáveis do devido à assimetria dos parâmetros do motor. É observado que o motor monofásico pode ser apresentado em configuração bifásica. Em seguida, um estudo de netrização do motor é realizado. O controle vetorial é analisado na seqüência, observando a necessidade de simetria dos parâmetros do motor para que haja um controle o do motor. São considerados dois métodos: controle direto do fluxo de rotor e indireto do fluxo de rotor. Analisa-se, também, o comportamento do controle de simulações numéricas Na seqüência,implementa-se experimentalmente o controle utilizando um processador digital de sinais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o estudado ao ser aplicado ao motor de indução monofásico apresenta uma boa ta dinâmica para o sistema, tanto para método direto quanto para o método indireto.

abstract: This thesis presents a new technique to develop an air-conditioner (A/C) compressor single phase induction motor model for use in an electro-magnetic transient program (EMTP) simulation tool. The method developed also has the capability to represent multiple units of the component in a specific three-phase distribution feeder and investigate the phenomenon of fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) and the cause of motor stalling. The system of differential equations representing the single phase induction motor model is developed and formulated. Implicit backward Euler method is applied to numerically integrate the stator currents that are to be drawn from the electric network. The angular position dependency of the rotor shaft is retained in the inductance matrix associated with the model to accurately capture the dynamics of the motor loads. The equivalent circuit of the new model is interfaced with the electric network in the EMTP. The dynamic response of the motor when subjected to faults at different points on voltage waveform has been studied using the EMTP simulator. The mechanism and the impacts of motor stalling need to be explored with multiple units of the detailed model connected to a realistic three-phase distribution system. The model developed can be utilized to assess and improve the product design of compressor motors by air-conditioner manufacturers. Another critical application of the model would be to examine the impacts of asymmetric transmission faults on distribution systems to investigate and develop mitigation measures for the FIDVR problem. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-05T19:28:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ghunter Paulo Viajante - 2009.pdf: 4054510 bytes, checksum: 7a7664ef1ea06fe7cc1052791f2fb337 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T19:26:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ghunter Paulo Viajante - 2009.pdf: 4054510 bytes, checksum: 7a7664ef1ea06fe7cc1052791f2fb337 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ghunter Paulo Viajante - 2009.pdf: 4054510 bytes, checksum: 7a7664ef1ea06fe7cc1052791f2fb337 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-02 / This work presents the project, construction and automation of a test bench for single-phase induction motor, up to 1 CV, based on a Brazilian Standard, ABNT 5383- 2/2007. In order to reach this purpose, theoretical studies on data acquisition systems, virtual instrumentation, industrial communication protocols and normalized testing methodologies are performed. After test bench construction, tests based on the Brazilian Standard are performed, in order to test a single-phase induction motor with starting capacitor .The tests results are presented. / Este trabalho apresenta o projeto, implementação e automação de uma bancada para ensaios de motores de indução monofásicos de potência até 1 CV baseados na norma brasileira ABNT 5383-2/2007. Para tanto, foram realizados estudos teóricos acerca de sistemas de aquisição de dados, instrumentação virtual, protocolos de comunicação industrial e as metodologias de ensaios apresentadas na norma. Após a construção da bancada foram realizados os principais testes contemplados na norma brasileira em um motor de indução monofásico com capacitor de partida e apresentados os resultados.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal estudar a propagação acústica em escoamentos monofásicos. Para tal, são analisados sinais transientes de pressão fornecidos por sensores instalados em posições conhecidas na linha de teste, através do estudo de técnicas de análise de sinais, a fim de investigar se as variações do conteúdo espectral dos sinais são influenciadas pela ocorrência de vazamentos no duto. A análise dos sinais foi realizada nos planos temporal, frequencial, tempo-frequência e estatístico. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos no oleoduto piloto do NETeF - Núcleo de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos da USP - Universidade de São Paulo, com uma seção de testes com 1500 metros e diâmetro de 51,2 mm, com escoamento monofásico de água. Os resultados obtidos através da análise tempo-frequência mostraram-se satisfatórios, sendo esta técnica capaz de identificar a composição espectral instantânea de um sinal, ou seja, foi eficiente na identificação de picos de amplitude da frequência ao longo do eixo temporal. Além disso, a análise probabilística, através do desvio-padrão do sinal também mostrou-se eficiente exibindo uma disparidade significativa entre os sinais com e sem vazamento. / The present dissertation reports on the study of the acoustic propagation in single-phase flow. It analyzes the transient signals provided by pressure sensors in known locations in the test line through the study of signal analysis techniques to investigate if the variations in spectral content of the signals are influenced by the occurrence of leaks in the pipe. The analysis of signals was performed in the time, frequency, time-frequency and statistical plans. The experimental results were obtained in a 1500 meter-long and 51.2 millimeter-diameter pilot pipeline at the Center of Thermal Engineering and Fluids, with single-phase flow of water. The results obtained by time-frequency analysis were satisfactory, allowing identifying the spectral composition of an instantaneous signal, i.e., the analysis was effective in identifying the frequency amplitude peaks along the time axis. Moreover, probabilistic analysis using the standard deviation of the signal was also efficient, displaying a significant disparity between the signals with and without leakage.

Les moteurs asynchrones diphasés sont largement utilisés dans des applications de moins d’un kW, où le prix est un facteur important de choix, en particulier pour les volets roulants. Ces applications, pour des raisons de sécurité, nécessitent une détection précoce des obstacles et donc l’implantation d’un capteur de vitesse. Dans un souci de réduction de coût, une des pistes intéressantes est l’estimation de la vitesse à partir de la mesure des courants et des tensions, de manière à faire l’économie du capteur de vitesse. La première partie de notre travail a consisté à étudier et réaliser différentes alimentations : sur le secteur avec condensateur de déphasage ou par convertisseur statique. Dans une seconde partie, la modélisation du moteur en régime permanent et transitoire et celle du volet (tablier, frein, réducteur) nous a permis d’établir les caractéristiques électromagnétiques du motoréducteur et le comportement mécanique de la charge. Les paramètres de ces modèles ont été identifiés et les résultats analysés. Dans la troisième partie, à partir de ces modèles, différentes stratégies de détection de fin de course du volet sans capteur, d’arrêt sur obstacles ainsi qu’une commande de limitation de couple ont été mises au point et validées expérimentalement. Une carte électronique économique a été réalisée. / The single-phase induction motor is widely used for capacity of less than the kW in applications where the price is an important consideration, particularly for rolling shutters. For safety reasons, these applications require an early detection of obstacles and thus it is necessary to implement a speed sensor. In a preoccupation of cost saving, one tries to estimate the speed on the basis of voltage and current measurements, in order to economize on the speed sensor. The first part of our work deals with the study and realization of different power supplies : Capacitor-run single-phase induction motor or static converter supply. In a second part, the static and transient modeling of the motor and the rolling shutter (shutter, gears and brake) has provided the electromagnetic characteristics of the geared motor and the mechanical behavior of the load. The parameters of these models have been identified and the results have been discussed. In the third part, from these models, different strategies have been devised and validated for detecting the arrival of a rolling shutter on the abutment, implementing a soft stop on obstacles and limiting the torque. A low cost electronic command board has been realized.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work proposes a sensorless speed control applied to single-phase induction motors (SPIM). The objective is to present an alternative for variable speed single-phase motor drives for residencial applications, which operate mostly with constant speed. For contextualization in the actual scenario, firstly a bibliographic review about variable speed operation of single-phase induction motors is presented. After, the mathematical model that represents the single-phase induction motor dynamic behavior is developed, and following, the model validation to obtain the electrical parameters is done with classical experimental tests. Then, a field orientation technique applied to single-phase induction motors is presented, where a new mathematical model is developed for the application of this technique in this motor. Also, this work proposes a method of single-phase induction motors rotor speed estimation using an MRAS (Model Reference Adaptive System) algorithm, based on the calculation of the motor s reactive power. So, some simulation results are presented for the validation of the proposed estimation technique. The speed controller used is a discrete PI because the simplicity of its implementation. Two discrete PI s controllers are used for current control. Finally, experimental results obtained in a computer based environment are presented to validate the proposed techniques with and without rotor speed sensor. / Este trabalho propõe um controle de velocidade sensorless aplicado a motores de indução monofásicos. Tem-se por objetivo proporcionar uma alternativa de acionamento com velocidade variável dos motores de indução monofásicos em aplicações residenciais, nas quais estes geralmente operam em velocidades fixas. Para contextualização do tema no cenário atual, inicialmente é apresentada uma revisão da literatura quanto aos acionamentos a velocidade variável de motores de indução monofásicos. A partir da revisão da literatura é desenvolvido o modelo matemático que representa o comportamento dinâmico do motor de indução monofásico e, juntamente com este tópico, a validação do modelo para obtenção dos parâmetros elétricos é feita a partir de ensaios clássicos. Em seguida, é apresentada uma técnica de controle por orientação no campo aplicada a motores de indução monofásicos, com a obtenção de um novo modelo matemático onde essa técnica possa ser aplicada. Além disso, esse trabalho propõe um método de estimação da velocidade rotórica de motores de indução monofásicos a partir de um algoritmo MRAS (Model Reference Adaptive System), baseado no cálculo da potência reativa deste motor. Com isso, são apresentados resultados de simulação para validação da técnica de estimação proposta. O controlador de velocidade escolhido é um PI discreto, que teve sua escolha definida pela simplicidade de implementação. Dois controladores PI s discretos também são usados para o controle das malhas de corrente. Por fim, são apresentados resultados experimentais desenvolvidos em plataforma computadorizada que validam as técnicas propostas, tanto no controle de velocidade com a medição da mesma, como no controle de velocidade sem o uso do sensor.