Particle size distribution (PSD) of gypseous soils is important in the soil science community. When gypsum constitutes a major portion of the soil, its removal prior to PSD analysis distorts the results and may lead to textures that do not relate to conditions in the field. In order to understand the true characterization of the soil and the gypsum particles, the entire soil sample should be analyzed. Four different approaches to the BaCl2 method presented in the literature (Hesse, 1976, Matar and Douleimy, 1978, Viellefon, 1979) were used to evaluate the use of BaCl2 solution to reduce the solubility of gypsum by forming a protective coating of BaSO4 around gypsum particles. Results showed that the BaCl2 method was unsatisfactory, as dispersion of clays was not sufficient to allow particle size analysis using the pipette method. A procedure using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (LPSA) was also evaluated. As gypsum is insoluble in methanol, methanol was selected as a possible solution, but it caused flocculation of clays and could not be used to analyze samples containing silicate clays. Gypsum saturated water containing Na hexametaphosphate was evaluated as a solution. First, 20 non-gypseous samples were analyzed on a sand-free basis using saturated gypsum water with Na hexametaphosphate. Results were used to establish a relationship comparing LPSA results and pipette results. An equation y = 1.37x + 2.03 was established relating LPSA clay percent by volume (x) to the pipette clay percent by weight (y). The equation had a R2 value of 0.84 and was significant at the 1% level. From this equation a comparison of 21 gypseous samples was made, between clay percentages of the pipette method and the LPSA method. Results indicate that LPSA can be used to give a satisfactory particle size distribution of gypseous soils when coupled with sand analysis by sieving.

Nanoporous polymer hydrogels offer a desirable combination of mechanical, optical, and transport characteristics that have placed them at the core of a variety of biomedical technologies including engineered tissue scaffolds, substrates for controlled release of pharmaceutical compounds, and sieving matrices for electrophoretic separation of DNA and proteins. Ultimately, we would like to obtain a detailed picture of the nanoscale pore morphology and understand how it can be manipulated so that we can rationally identify gel formulations best suited for a specific application. But this goal has proven elusive because the most fundamental descriptors of the pore network architecture (e.g., the average pore size and its polydispersity) are particularly difficult to measure in polymer hydrogels. Here we introduce an approach that enables both the mean pore size and the pore size distribution to be quantitatively determined without prior knowledge of any physical material parameters A novel technique to prepare TEM samples was developed so that the nanoscale hydrogel pore size, pore shape and distribution are clearly visualized and quantitatively studied for the first time. The pore sizes of the hydrogel are also estimated with rheology. A new fixture is used in the rheometer and the whole polymerization process can be directly studied using an in-situ rheology experiment. A series of thermoporometry experiments are also conducted, and suitable methods and equations to study hydrogel pore size and distribution are chosen. The pore size derived from TEM, rheology, DSC is compared and their values are self-consistent. These techniques help us understand how the nanoporous morphology of crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels is influenced by their chemical composition and polymerization conditions. It is interesting to find hydrogels with similar pore size but different distribution. For two hydrogels with similar pore size, the broader the distribution, the faster the release rate and the higher the accumulated release percentage. So we can control the release of trapped molecules by simply varying the hydrogel pore size distribution. This discovery would have a very promising potential in the application of pharmaceuticals.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.

No description available.

Body size influences virtually all aspects of the autecology of material flow by organisms. Thus, size classes may be considered as alternatives to grouping by trophic level, function or taxonomy to describe the structure and function of communities. The general intent of this thesis is to assess the role of body size in the dynamics of radiophosphorus in the freshwater plankton. To calculate a priori estimates of the fluxes of phosphorus through size classes of plankton, the rates of assimilation and excretion of laboratory cultures of algae and cladocerans were measured, and regressed on body mass (W). In both groups, assimilation increased as W('0.75). The turnover of body phosphorus was described as a two-compartment system. The turnover rates of the small (2-5% of body P) fast turnover pool, the large (95-98%) slow turnover pool, and that of the body phosphorus fell proportionately to W('- 1/4) in algae and W('- 1/2) in zooplankton. Field tests of allometric models of radiophosphorus flow were conducted by following the redistribution of radioactivity among 11 size fractions of enclosed epilimnetic assemblages over 5 to 6 days. Concentration of the tracer in the biomass declined with size soon after addition and gradually shifted to a uniform distribution within 3 days. A model that makes no a priori assumptions as to the trophic structure of the system, i.e. all size classes are at the same trophic level, predicted these dynamics better than one that assumes trophic position to increase with size. Further analyses indicated that explicit treatment of the physiological allometry and size distribution of broad functional groups of plankton are needed to improve the descriptive power of the model further.

[Abstract]A substantial amount of change management research exists internationally and in Australia in relation to the causes, processes and outcomes of organisational change in large organisations. However this does not reflect the change scenarios in SMEs. Furthermore, the academic and professional discipline of organisational change in Australia, while well-researched in some areas, remains embryonic when translatedto SMEs in a dynamic environment. Very few large scale state-wide and national surveys have been conducted in Australia. This study is filling the theoretical gap inrelation to the theory and practice relating to the nature, extent and characteristics of organisational change in Queensland Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs).The objective of this study was to examine the nature and extent of organisational change in Queensland SMEs. Five research questions were developed to inform thisresearch objective, including: What are the forces of change in Queensland SMEs?; To what extent does the main change driver (change agent) in SMEs possess effectivechange management skills?; What mental models do Queensland SME managers espouse in relation to the management of organisational change?; What is the natureand prevalence of change interventions for achieving organisational change in Queensland SMEs? ; and What is the impact of organisational size on the nature andprevalence of organisational change in Queensland SMEs? Eleven hypotheses in relation to the last research question were developed and tested.To answer the research questions, the study employed the use of quantitative data which was collected through a state-wide mail survey of 1000 Queensland SMEs. A34 percent response rate was achieved. The survey was adapted from a previous validated questionnaire measuring employee management and organisational change practices in Australian SMEs.The results indicate that by far the most important factor in the decision to introduce change in Queensland SMEs was customer expectations for quality. The survey results also show that, overall, the SMEs were able to achieve the objectives they pursued when implementing significant changes. The findings indicate that the main change drivers in Queensland SMEs possess a moderate profile in relation to change management skills. Furthermore, the findings reflect the view that managers tend tosupport forms of limited employee participation and consultation.Change practices are only moderately represented in Australian SMEs. Taken together with low participation of employees in the decision to employ these changes; low levels of union membership; a low presence of specialist HR managers in SMEs; and the fact that the majority of SMEs that do have written strategic plans do not use it to develop operational plans and drive day to day operations; a ‘transforming’ scenario in Queensland SMEs is unlikely. However, one very positive trend is the achievement by the majority of SMEs of change objectives pursued. Nevertheless, the fact that the mental models of Queensland SMEs favoured managerial prerogative is of more significance for the effectiveness of both the management of employees and the performance of SMEs.The findings show that organisational size is significant for the factors important in the introduction of organisational change, however size is not particularly significant in relation to the objectives pursued and achieved in the introduction of organisational change. Furthermore, size is also not significant in relation to the extent to which the main change driver (change agent) in SMEs possesses effective change management skills, and the mental models that Queensland SME managers espouse in relation to the management of organisational change. In contrast with these findings, the analysis suggests that organisational size is significant for the prevalence of change interventions/practices, with medium organisations employing change interventions to a significant greater extent. The thesis concludes with commentary on the practical implications for SME managers and policy and several directions for future research.

In this thesis the positive relationship between firm size and wages is investigated through the application of hierarchy theories. Many different explanations have been proposed for this relationship, but have met only limited success at best. The strongest finding to date is that unobserved ability is a significant factor. The question of interest here is ???why do wages increase as the size firm increases???? Hierarchy theories take a different approach towards the analysis of firms in comparison to the alternate theories which have dominated previous investigations. As a result of their focus on the organisational relationships within a firm???s internal structure, hierarchy theories offer certain insights to the size-wage relationship which to date have been unnoticed. An empirical investigation into the size-wage differential incorporating structural considerations into an augmented wage equation offers strong support for the propositions of hierarchy theories. I find that half of the firm size effect for workers can be explained by controlling for some aspects of management structure, and that span of control has a discontinuous effect on wages. These results are completely consistent with the existing findings on unobserved ability and have the added attraction of providing economic as well as statistical explanatory power.

Most theoretical models predict an optimal offspring size that maximises parental fitness. Variation in the quality of the offspring environment can result in multiple offspring size optima and therefore variation of offspring provisioning can evolve. Variation in offspring provisioning is common and found across a variety of taxa. It can be defined as between populations, explained by optimality models, or between and within individuals, neither so easily explained by optimality models. My research focused on the evolution of variable offspring provisioning by testing theoretical models relating to variation in offspring provisioning between and within individuals. Using comparative methods, I found a positive relationship between intraclutch variation in offspring provisioning and variation in the quality of the offspring environment in a suite of pond breeding frogs. This positive relationship provided evidence that patterns of variable offspring provisioning are related to the offspring environment. This study also identified a species (Crinia georgiana) with high variation in offspring provisioning on which to focus further investigations. High variation in offspring provisioning occured between and within individuals of this species independent of female phenotype and a trade-off in offspring size and number existed. In laboratory studies, increased yolk per offspring led to increased fitness per offspring. Parental fitness calculations revealed that in high quality conditions production of small more numerous offspring resulted in higher parental fitness, but in lower quality conditions the production of large offspring resulted in the highest parental fitness. This was confirmed in field experiments under natural conditions using molecular markers to trace offspring to clutches of known provisioning, allowing me to measure exact parental fitness. The strategy of high variation in offspring size within clutches can be of benefit when the future of the offspring environment is not known to the parents: as a form of bet-hedging. Further study of the offspring environment revealed that conditions such as density dependent fitness loss, spatial variation in habitat quality, and non-random offspring dispersal, can combine to create the conditions predicted by theoretical models to maintain a strategy of variable offspring provisioning in the population. My research provides a comprehensive empirical test of the theory of variable offspring provisioning

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-145).

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1961.