Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic differences in ankle plantar flexion range of motion and angular velocity during propulsion of the forward hockey skating stride between a traditional hockey skate and a hockey skate that has a flexible rear tendon guard. Secondary purposes included investigating the kinematic differences in range of motion and angular velocity at both the knee and hip during propulsion while participants were wearing both skate designs. Differences in stride length, stride width and stride velocity during propulsion between the two different skate designs were then investigated. Finally differences in range of motion and angular velocity of the ankle, knee, and hip along with the velocity of the skating stride and the time the skate blade was in contact with the treadmill were investigated as the skating treadmill increased in speed from 3.33 m/s to 8.05 m/s. Eight elite hockey players were selected for the present study, which was conducted on an Endless Ice Skating Treadmill. Variables were recorded using a three-camera setup and measured at five selected treadmill speeds using Dartfish Team Pro version six software. Kinematic variables were then compared between the two skate designs with a doubly multivariate repeated measures design. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Post hoc univariate tests comparing skate designs displayed significant increases in plantar flexion, plantar flexion angular velocity, hip extension, hip extension angular velocity, stride length, and stride velocity while participants were wearing the skate that had a flexible rear tendon guard. Significant increases were also displayed in plantar flexion, plantar flexion angular velocity, knee extension, knee extension angular velocity, hip extension, hip extension angular velocity, hip abduction range of motion, hip abduction angular velocity, stride width, stride length, and stride velocity as the treadmill speed increased. There was also a significant decrease in the time the skate was in contact with the treadmill as treadmill speed increased. The results suggested that while skating forward, hockey players could improve their hockey skating technique by using a hockey skate that has a flexible rear tendon guard.

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between the front style and the side style of starting in ice hockey with regards to time, speed, and acceleration. Sixteen players of the Varsity and Junior Varsity Ice Hockey Teams at the University of British Columbia volunteered as subjects. Age, height, weight, years of skating experience and preferred style of starting were obtained for all subjects. Using stopwatches, the time for the first thirty feet and the total sixty feet was recorded for ten trials for each style of starting for all subjects. The subjects were tested on only one starting style per session -ten trials- and were randomly assigned to the style used in the first session. The speed and acceleration were calculated for the first thirty feet and the total sixty feet and the time, speed, and acceleration were calculated for the second thirty feet. T-ratio's were computed to test the significance of the difference between the group means for time, speed, and acceleration for the first thirty feet, the second thirty feet, and the total sixty feet. Significant t-ratio's were found favouring the front starting style for time, speed, and acceleration for the first thirty feet and the total sixty feet. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

With the current emphasis on jumps and jump combinations in competitive figure skating, training methods to improve jumping ability would be of great benefit to figure skaters. To be a successful jumper, a figure skater needs leg power in addition to skill and technique. Jump combinations, comparatively new elements of free skating, require leg power combined with balance, positioning, and timing. To develop the leg power required in jumping, depth jumping was tested as a potential training method for skaters. Depth jumping, a relatively new training technique, is designed to improve leg power and the reactive ability of jumpers. In performing a depth jump, the athlete jumps down from an elevated surface and immediately takes off for a second jump upon contact with the floor. The emphasis is on immediate takeoff after landing from a previous jump so that the athlete learns to use the elastic recoil of muscle to produce an additive effect on jump height. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a six week depth jumping program on vertical jumping ability on and off the ice. A subproblem of this study was to determine the relationship between vertical jumping ability on the ground and on the ice. The sample consisted of twenty-seven female figure skaters from the Vancouver area (mean age 14.9 years) who volunteered to take part. Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 13) groups. The experimental group participated in a six week depth jump training program conducted off the ice in addition to their regular training on and off the ice. The control group did not participate in the depth jump program but participated in their regular training on and off the ice. The depth jump program consisted of two preparatory exercises and five training exercises performed from various heights (12", 15", 18", 21"). Training sessions were held twice per week for the first three weeks and three times per week for the last three weeks. The study included a total of sixteen training sessions. All subjects were tested at the beginning, middle, and end of the study on the Sargent Jump Test and filmed (pre and post only) on the ice performing a single loop, single loop combination jump. Films were analyzed on the Vanguard Motion Analyzer. The following hypotheses were tested for significance at the .05 level: 1. As a result of depth jump training, there is a significant increase in vertical jumping ability on the ground. 2. As a result of depth jump training, there is a significant increase in the height of the second jump of a single loop, single loop combination jump. 3. There is a positive linear relationship between vertical jumping ability on the ground and vertical jumping ability on the ice. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that hypothesis #1 is supported at the .01 level and hypothesis #2 is supported at the .05 level of significance. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation showed that hypothesis #3 is also accepted at the .05 level. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Figure skating is considered to be a physically and psychologically demanding sport. It has been estimated that 50% 78% of figure skating injuries could be prevented. It is suggested that off-ice training may reduce injury risk. The primary aim of this project was to identify incidence and occurrence of injury in female competitive and recreational solo figure skaters. The secondary aim was to identify the role of off-ice training and its association with injury and level of skating. The third aim was to investigate associations between injury, age and maturity.<p> Competitive (n=14) and STARSkate (n=17) Saskatchewan female solo figure skaters, age range 10-18 reported their injury and training data in retrospective questionnaires for a period of 9 months. The injury rate per 100 hours of training was 0.26 for competitive figure skaters (CFSs) and 0.44 for StarSkate figure skaters (SSFSs). The injured skaters were significantly older, more mature and heavier than non-injured figure skaters (p<0.05) and had been involved in figure skating for 8 or more years. There were 21 figure skating-related injuries (57% overuse and 43% acute) reported by SSFSs (8 overuse and 4 acute) and CFSs (4 overuse and 5 acute).<p> There were no significant associations between the number of overuse injuries sustained and the level of skating, (÷2 = 0.003, p>0.05) and no significant associations between the number of acute injuries sustained by the CFS and SSFS groups (÷2 = 0.053, p>0.05). There were no significant associations found between the number of injuries sustained by the CFS and SSFS groups that followed or did not follow Skate Canada Long-term Athlete Development Model off-ice training recommendations (15 minutes off-ice training for every on-ice hour) (÷2 = 2.801, p>0.05).<p> SSFSs sustained more overuse injuries (8) than CFSs (4) and participated in significantly less hours of off-ice training and spent less time stretching. The overuse injury rates for 100 hours of off-ice training were 1.75 for SSFSs and 0.41 for CFSs. These findings suggest that more off-ice training in CFSs could have possibly served as an overuse injury prevention component in the cohort of this study.

Figure skating is considered to be a physically and psychologically demanding sport. It has been estimated that 50% 78% of figure skating injuries could be prevented. It is suggested that off-ice training may reduce injury risk. The primary aim of this project was to identify incidence and occurrence of injury in female competitive and recreational solo figure skaters. The secondary aim was to identify the role of off-ice training and its association with injury and level of skating. The third aim was to investigate associations between injury, age and maturity.<p> Competitive (n=14) and STARSkate (n=17) Saskatchewan female solo figure skaters, age range 10-18 reported their injury and training data in retrospective questionnaires for a period of 9 months. The injury rate per 100 hours of training was 0.26 for competitive figure skaters (CFSs) and 0.44 for StarSkate figure skaters (SSFSs). The injured skaters were significantly older, more mature and heavier than non-injured figure skaters (p<0.05) and had been involved in figure skating for 8 or more years. There were 21 figure skating-related injuries (57% overuse and 43% acute) reported by SSFSs (8 overuse and 4 acute) and CFSs (4 overuse and 5 acute).<p> There were no significant associations between the number of overuse injuries sustained and the level of skating, (÷2 = 0.003, p>0.05) and no significant associations between the number of acute injuries sustained by the CFS and SSFS groups (÷2 = 0.053, p>0.05). There were no significant associations found between the number of injuries sustained by the CFS and SSFS groups that followed or did not follow Skate Canada Long-term Athlete Development Model off-ice training recommendations (15 minutes off-ice training for every on-ice hour) (÷2 = 2.801, p>0.05).<p> SSFSs sustained more overuse injuries (8) than CFSs (4) and participated in significantly less hours of off-ice training and spent less time stretching. The overuse injury rates for 100 hours of off-ice training were 1.75 for SSFSs and 0.41 for CFSs. These findings suggest that more off-ice training in CFSs could have possibly served as an overuse injury prevention component in the cohort of this study.

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This study describes the biomechanics of the foot during an ice hockey tight turn. Pressure data were collected with flexible piezo-resistive sensors from 15 anatomical points on both left and right feet. Participants included 8 elite (86.82 Kg +/- 6.48Kg, 179.69 cm +/- 6.74cm) and 8 recreational level (82.10Kg, +/- 7.49Kg, 175.63cm +/- 6.37cm) hockey players, with the elite players being members of the McGill varsity team and the recreational players participating in recreational organized hockey of lower caliber. The data from three to four turns for both left and right tight turns were collected and normalized, with statistical measures taken for blade contact/turn initiation, peak pressure and peak pressure at push off. Two way ANOVAs showed numerous areas of statistical significance (p &le; 0.05) between the elite and recreational participants. The tracking of center of pressure was also investigated leading to some speculations of advanced techniques for the successful execution of a tight turn. / Keywords. Hockey, feet, pressure, tight turns, biomechanics