Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-147).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2004. / "December 2004" Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (l. 180-210). Also issued on the Internet.

Orientador: José Carlos Silva Camargo Filho / Banca: Neri Alves / Banca: Mario Jefersson Quirino Louzada / Resumo: A imobilização é geralmente considerada como o método de escolha para o tratamento de lesões musculoesqueléticas, embora possa incorrer em alterações estruturais indesejáveis. Na literatura poucos estudos avaliam a recuperação da resistência do músculo após a imobilização, principalmente do músculo envelhecido, desta forma o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever os efeitos da imobilização, da remobilização livre e por meio de exercício físico sobre as propriedades mecânicas e histológicas do músculo esquelético de ratos de duas faixas de idade. Para tanto, foram utilizados 69 ratos machos Wistar (Rattus novergicus) divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade, sendo um grupo adulto (cinco meses) e um idoso (15 meses). Estes grupos foram subdivididos de acordo com os procedimentos experimentais em controle, imobilizado, remobilizado livre e remobilizado por meio de exercício físico. A imobilização foi realizada com membros posteriores dos animais em posição de encurtamento por um período de sete dias. O protocolo de exercícios foi composto por 5 sessões de natação, 1 vez por dia e 25 minutos por sessão. Para obtenção dos valores das propriedades mecânicas, o músculo gastrocnêmio foi submetido a ensaios mecânicos de tração na máquina universal de ensaio EMIC® (modelo DL 2000) e calculadas as respectivas propriedades mecânicas: alongamento no limite máximo, carga no limite máximo e rigidez. Foram realizadas também medidas de morfometria por meio de técnica histológica. Os resultados do ensaio mecânico demonstram diferenças significantes dos valores de carga no limite máximo entre os subgrupos controle e os demais, tanto no grupo adulto como no idoso. Não houve diferença significante com relação à rigidez ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Immobilization is generally regarded as the method of choice for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, but may incur undesirable structural changes. In literature, few studies evaluate the recovery of muscle strength after immobilization, mainly aged muscle, so the purpose of this study is to describe the effects of immobilization, the free remobilization and physical exercise on the mechanical and histological properties in the skeletal muscle of two age groups of rats. To this end, we used 69 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into two groups according to age, being an adult group (five months) and old group (15 months). These groups were subdivided according to the experimental procedures in control, immobilized, free remobilized and remobilized through exercise. Immobilization was performed with the hindquarters of the animals in a shortened position for a period of seven days. The exercise protocol consisted of five sessions of swimming, 1 time per day and 25 minutes per session. To obtain the values of mechanical properties, the gastrocnemius muscle was subjected to mechanical testing machine EMIC universal test ® (model DL 2000) and assessed their mechanical properties: stretching at the maximum limit, load at the maximum limit and stiffness. Morphometry measurements were also taken using histological technique. The results of mechanical tests show significant differences in the values of the maximum load between the control and the other subgroups, both in the adult and the elderly ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Depuis des décennies, l’un des enjeux des sciences de l’espace est d’accompagner les astronautes lors de leur séjour de courte ou longue durée, principalement en vols orbitaux à bord d’une station spatiale. Dans ce contexte, nos travaux participent à la compréhension du déconditionnement musculaire associé à un séjour en impesanteur et à l’évaluation des différentes contremesures.Que ce soit dans le secteur spatial ou celui de la santé, les scientifiques ont eu l’opportunité d’étudier les effets de la réduction chronique d’activité et de l’impesanteur, grâce à différents modèles expérimentaux qui sont présentés dans le chapitre 1. La partie 1 fait également l’état des lieux des paramètres du déconditionnement musculaire, que sont principalement la perte de masse et de force musculaire. Ces deux paramètres apparaissent de manière précoce dans une situation d’hypoactivité et ne sont pas corrélés au cours du temps, ce qui se traduit par une diminution de force de plus grande amplitude que les degrés d’atrophie rapportés. Parmi les facteurs explicatifs de cette disproportion, l’accumulation accrue d’infiltrations graisseuses et la dénervation sont des éléments explicatifs et ont également fait l’objet de nos expérimentations.Nos travaux ont pour objectif principal de caractériser les altérations précoces du muscle strié squelettique à l’aide d’un modèle d’impesanteur simulée, appelé immersion sèche ou Dry Immersion (DI). Ce modèle est reconnu depuis plusieurs années par les scientifiques russes pour être plus sévère que l’alitement prolongé et a été mis en place il y a quelques années pour la première fois en Europe (Toulouse). L’étude a consisté à placer 12 bénévoles masculins sains en immersion sèche pendant 3 jours. Cette première étude menée en Europe nous a permis de caractériser les changements précoces du déconditionnement musculaire au niveau structural et fonctionnel. Les biopsies musculaires pre- et post-DI, obtenues à partir du muscle Vastus Lateralis ont permis de quantifier par immunohistologie le degré d’atrophie musculaire par type de fibre, et d’analyser les changements myotypologiques. Au niveau structural, nous avons rapporté par IRM une diminution de 10% du volume du quadriceps, ainsi qu’une atrophie de 10%, principalement attribuée aux fibres de type 1. Dès 3 jours, le pourcentage de fibres exprimant des MyHC 1 a également diminué, alors qu’on relève en parallèle une apparition de fibres hybrides (+1.3%). Au niveau fonctionnel, la perte de force musculaire est de 11%, et nous relevons une altération des propriétés viscoélastique du rectus femoris. Au niveau moléculaire, l’expression de protéines clés impliquées dans la régulation de la balance protéique rapporte par exemple une augmentation précoce de l’expression de l’atrogène MURF1 (+41%) et une diminution de l’expression de 4EBP1 (-17%). Une analyse transcriptomique par RNA-seq a également mis en valeur un changement d’expression significatif de 2872 gènes.Une seconde étude nous a permis d’évaluer les effets d’un cocktail anti-oxydant, anti-inflammatoire comme contremesure lors d’une réduction d’activité de 20 jours et lors d’un bed rest de 2 mois. Des biopsies musculaires pre- et post-DI et BR ont été obtenues à partir du muscle Vastus Lateralis et rapportent un degré d’atrophie d’environ 20% dans les deux protocoles. La contremesure a principalement montré un effet protecteur sur les fibres de type Iia. L’analyse des E3 ligases MuRF-1 et Atrogin-1, n’indique aucune modification dans les deux protocoles de longue durée.Les résultats de nos études à courts et longs termes du déconditionnement musculaire soulignent les changements rapides et précoces au niveau du système musculaire et mettent en valeur la nécessité d’étudier finement ces changements initiaux et bio-marqueurs du déconditionnement musculaire ainsi que la nécessité d’optimiser les effets des contremesures sur cette période initiale. / For decades, one of the challenges of space science has been to assist the astronauts during their short or long term stay, mainly in orbital flights aboard a space station. In this context, our work contributes to the understanding of muscle deconditioning associated with a stay in weightlessness and to the evaluation of differents countermeasures.Whether in the space or health sector, scientists have had the opportunity to study the effects of chronic hypoactivity and weightlessness through various experimental models that are presented in Chapter 1. Part 1 also reviews the parameters of muscle deconditioning, which are mainly loss of mass and muscle strength. These two parameters appear early in a situation of hypoactivity and are not correlated with time, which results in a decrease in force of greater amplitude than the degrees of atrophy reported. Among the explanatory factors of this disproportion, the increased accumulation of fatty infiltrations and the denervation processes are explanatory elements and have also been the subject of our experiments.Our main objective is to characterize the early alterations of skeletal muscle using a model of dry immersion (DI). This model has been recognized for several years by Russian scientists to be more severe than extended bed rest and was set up a few years ago for the first time in Europe (Toulouse). The study consisted of placing 12 healthy male volunteers in dry immersion for 3 days. This first study in Europe allowed us to characterize the early changes of muscle deconditioning at the structural and functional level. The pre- and post-DI muscle biopsies, obtained from the Vastus Lateralis muscle, were used to quantify by immunohistology the degree of muscle atrophy by fiber type and to analyze the changes in myotypology. At the structural level, we reported by MRI a 10% decrease in the volume of the quadriceps, as well as a 10% atrophy, mainly attributed to type 1 fibers. From 3 days, the percentage of fibers expressing MyHC 1 also decreased, while the percentage of hybrid fiber increased (+ 1.3%). At the functional level, the loss of muscle strength is 11%, and we note an alteration of the viscoelastic properties of the rectus femoris. At the molecular level, we reported the changes of key proteins involved in protein balance regulation, for example, an early increase in the expression of the atrogene MURF1 (+ 41%) and a decrease expression of 4EBP1 (-17%). Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq also highlighted a significant expression change of 2872 genes.A second study allowed us to evaluate the effects of an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory cocktail as countermeasure during a hypoactivity experiments of 20 days and during a bed rest of 2 months. Pre- and post-DI and BR muscle biopsies were obtained from the Vastus Lateralis muscle and reported a degree of atrophy of about 20% in both protocols. The countermeasure has mainly shown a protective effect on type Iia fibers. Analysis of the E3 ligases MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 did not indicate any modification in the two long-term protocols.The results of our short and long term studies of muscle deconditioning underline the rapid and early changes in the muscle system and highlight the need to study finely these initial changes and biomarkers of deconditioning, in order to optimize the effects of countermeasures over this initial period.

Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns5P) is the least well-characterised member of the phosphoinositide family of essential regulatory phospholipids. PtdIns5P levels are altered within cells in response to a number of stimuli and evidence is accumulating to suggest that it possesses important functions in cellular signalling. However, the physiological role of this lipid remains imperfectly understood. Previous studies have shown that PtdIns5P is elevated in adipocytes in response to insulin, and microinjection of PtdIns5P into these cells promotes plasma membrane insertion of the insulin-regulated glucose transporter GLUT4 (Sbrissa et al., 2004). This finding suggests a potential role of PtdIns5P as a mediator in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, a process essential for efficient glucose homeostasis. As approximately 75% of postprandial glucose disposal is carried out by skeletal muscle, it is important to investigate the role of PtdIns5P in the response of this tissue to insulin. Therefore, this work has used differentiated myotubes of the rat muscle cell line, L6, to explore the effects of altered PtdIns5P levels on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This cell model had not been previously used in the laboratory so it first required characterisation. Here insulin is shown to stimulate a transient increase of PtdIns5P in L6 myotubes, indicative of a signalling role in response to insulin. This project developed several tools to further investigate this potential role for PtdIns5P in the insulin response of myotubes. One such development was the successful overexpression of the PtdIns5P 4-kinase PIP4KIIalpha in these cells, which was able to abolish the insulin-stimulated PtdIns5P rise. This correlated with a loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (upon PIP4KIIalpha expression). Interestingly, artificial elevation of PtdIns5P in L6 myotubes increases glucose uptake in the absence of stimulation. This phenomenon appears to result from the activation of PI3-kinase signalling, as it is abolished by the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, and involves activation of the PI3-kinase effector Akt. These results are consistent with the idea that insulin-stimulated PtdIns5P production contributes to the robust PI3-kinase/Akt activation necessary for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle.

Abstract Non-pathological change in body weight and adiposity is one distinct adaptive feature that seasonal species undergo, and it can offer a novel way to study the mechanisms underlying body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. Changes in the expression and activity of metabolic enzymes are essential for the physiological adaptation seasonal species exhibit. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulatory enzyme that controls the energy homeostasis both on cellular and whole-body level. In this thesis, the main focus was to clarify how seasonal adaptation affects AMPK and its downstream target in lipid metabolism, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), in different metabolic tissues of two model species with diverse wintering strategies: the raccoon dog and the Djungarian hamster. In addition, the effect of periodic fasting on the raccoon dog skeletal muscle was studied. It was observed that seasonal differences in AMPK and ACC expression were evident mainly in adipose tissues of both species. AMPK was down-regulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of the winter-adapted raccoon dog, whereas in the Djungarian hamster WAT, the abundance of AMPK increased in response to winter acclimatization. ACC expression was maintained or increased in winter in both species. The seasonal changes in AMPK and ACC expression observed, in particular, in adipose tissues reflects the wintering strategy of the species and presumably facilitates the lipid usage and/or preservation during wintertime scarcity. Raccoon dogs were quite resistant to the prolonged wintertime fast, as no changes were observed in AMPK and ACC expression levels in the WAT, liver or hypothalamus between the fasted and fed groups. Skeletal muscle function also appears to be well preserved, as there were no changes in the expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling, and the fiber type composition and muscle energy reserves were not affected. This thesis offers novel information on protein level changes in metabolic adaptation. / Tiivistelmä Useat luonnonvaraiset eläinlajit ovat fysiologisesti sopeutuneet ravinnonsaannin vuodenaikaisiin vaihteluihin. Vuodenaikaisrytmiin kytketty rasvakudoksen määrän vaihtelu ja siihen liittyvät aineenvaihdunnalliset muutokset tarjoavat mielenkiintoisen tutkimuskohteen ruumiinpainon säätelyn ja energiatasapainon ylläpidon molekulaaristen mekanismien selvittämiseen. Oleellinen osa fysiologista sopeutumista ovat muutokset energia-aineenvaihduntaa säätelevien proteiinien ekspressio- ja aktiivisuustasoissa. Yksi keskeinen elimistön energiatasapainoa kontrolloiva entsyymi on AMP-aktivoituva proteiinikinaasi (AMPK). AMPK toimii solunsisäisenä energiasensorina ja säätelee energiametaboliaa koko kehon tasolla. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa selvitettiin talviadaptaation vaikutusta AMPK:n ja sen kohdemolekyylin, rasvahappojen biosynteesiä säätelevän asetyyli-CoA karboksylaasin (ACC), ilmenemiseen ja aktiivisuuteen eri kudoksissa. Mallieläiminä käytettiin kahta eri talvehtimisstrategian omaavaa ja eri lailla ruumiinpainoaan säätelevää lajia, kääpiöhamsteria ja supikoiraa. Lisäksi tutkittiin pitkäaikaisen talvipaaston vaikutusta supikoiran luustolihakseen. Tulokset osoittivat, että molemmilla lajeilla AMPK- ja ACC-pitoisuuksissa on vuodenaikaisia eroja erityisesti rasvakudoksessa. Supikoiralla AMPK:n määrä väheni talviadaptaation seurauksena, kun taas kääpiöhamstereilla talviakklimatisaatio johti korkeampaan AMPK-pitoisuuteen rasvakudoksissa. ACC-pitoisuus puolestaan säilyi samana tai oli korkeampi talviadaptoituneilla yksilöillä. Havaitut muutokset AMPK:n ja ACC:n ilmenemisessä kuvastavat supikoiran ja kääpiöhamsterin eroja talvehtimisessa ja havainnollistavat entsyymien oleellista osaa rasvavarastojen vuodenaikaisessa säätelyssä ja käytössä, mikä on edellytys eläinten selviämiselle yli talven niukkuuden. Lisäksi havaittiin talviadaptoituneen supikoiran olevan melko resistentti 10 viikon paastolle tutkittujen parametrien suhteen. AMPK- ja ACC-pitoisuus tai aktiivisuus ei muuttunut aineenvaihdunnallisesti oleellisissa kudoksissa (rasvakudos, maksa, hypotalamus) paasto- ja kontrolliryhmän välillä. Supikoiran lihasten toimintakyky vaikuttaisi säilyvän, sillä insuliinisignalointiin liittyvien entsyymien pitoisuus, lihasten solutyyppikoostumus tai energiavarastot eivät muuttuneet paaston myötä. Tämä tutkimus tarjoaa uutta tietoa proteiinitason muutoksista osana fysiologista sopeutumista.