The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of hydroxytyrosol (HT) supplementation on markers of muscle damage in healthy, recreationally active men before and throughout acute aerobic exercise bouts. Using a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures, placebo-controlled design, sixty-one (n = 61) subjects (21.46 ± 0.22 yrs, 179.46 ± 0.79 cm, 78.91 ± 1.19 kg) consumed either a high dose (HI) HT supplement (150 mg HT), a low dose (LO) HT supplement (50 mg HT), or a placebo (PLA) every day for 6 weeks. Throughout the course of the study, the subjects performed four time trial rides (TT1-TT4) on a cycle ergometer. TT1 occurred before supplementation, TT2 halfway through the supplementation period, and TT3 and TT4 occurred in the sixth week and final two days of supplementation. Blood was drawn prior to (pre) and just before termination (end) of each time trial to measure markers of muscle damage during exercise. We observed that endurance exercise increased indicators of muscle damage, CPK and myoglobin, but an association between HT treatment and reduced muscle damage indicators during exercise were not demonstrated. However, the HT supplementation for 6 weeks in recreationally-active males improved time trial performance in the HT treatment groups over the course of the study and this improvement was accompanied by a lower increase in myoglobin concentration in blood in the HI treatment group than in the LO treatment group. Also, performance was improved after 6 weeks in the PLA group. This improvement was associated with an increase in rating of perceived exertion (RPE). RPE was not increased in either the LO and HI treatment groups, although time trial performance was significantly improved. It is possible that HT can improve performance by altering perception of effort. We conclude that chronic and acute HT supplementation did not reduce markers of muscle damage in this population at rest, during, or following exercise, but improved aerobic performance. / text

A suplementação com leucina pode ser uma forma de terapia importante para a regeneração do tecido muscular lesado, pois modula vias intracelulares reguladoras da massa muscular. Neste estudo, ratos Wistar tiveram os músculos soleus e TA da pata esquerda submetidos à criolesão. Os animais foram divididos em controle e suplementados com leucina (1,35 g/kg por dia), a qual teve início três dias antes da criolesão e prosseguiu por um, três, 10 e 21 dias. A leucina aumentou a AST das fibras no soleus e reduziu o processo inflamatório e a fibrose em ambos, além de reduzir a ativação de elementos da via TGF-β/Smad. A leucina também aumentou o número de células satélites em proliferação no soleus e acelerou a conversão das isoformas de MyHC em ambos, tendo aumentado a taxa de síntese proteica no TA. Entretanto, não houve elevação na expressão de elementos da via PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Observou-se redução da ativação de FoXO3a e do acúmulo de proteínas ubiquitinadas no soleus, além de maior atividade do proteassomo 26S. A leucina também atenuou o prejuízo funcional em ambos. / Leucine supplementation can be an important therapy for the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle tissue, for modulating intracellular pathways regulating muscle mass. In this study, rats had their soleus and TA muscles of the left hind limb damaged. The animals were divided into control and supplemented with leucine groups (1.35 g / kg per day), which started three days before damage and continued for 1, 3, 10 and 21 days. Leucine increased myofiber CSA in soleus and reduced inflammation and fibrosis on both, and reduced the activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Leucine also increased the number of proliferating satellite cells in the soleus, accelerated the conversion between MyHC isoforms, and in rate of protein synthesis in the TA. However, no elevation on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was observed. There was a reduction on FoXO3a activation and ubiquitinated proteins accumulation in the soleus and an increase in the 26S proteasome activity. Leucine also attenuated the functional impairment on both muscles.

A suplementação com leucina pode ser uma forma de terapia importante para a regeneração do tecido muscular lesado, pois modula vias intracelulares reguladoras da massa muscular. Neste estudo, ratos Wistar tiveram os músculos soleus e TA da pata esquerda submetidos à criolesão. Os animais foram divididos em controle e suplementados com leucina (1,35 g/kg por dia), a qual teve início três dias antes da criolesão e prosseguiu por um, três, 10 e 21 dias. A leucina aumentou a AST das fibras no soleus e reduziu o processo inflamatório e a fibrose em ambos, além de reduzir a ativação de elementos da via TGF-β/Smad. A leucina também aumentou o número de células satélites em proliferação no soleus e acelerou a conversão das isoformas de MyHC em ambos, tendo aumentado a taxa de síntese proteica no TA. Entretanto, não houve elevação na expressão de elementos da via PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Observou-se redução da ativação de FoXO3a e do acúmulo de proteínas ubiquitinadas no soleus, além de maior atividade do proteassomo 26S. A leucina também atenuou o prejuízo funcional em ambos. / Leucine supplementation can be an important therapy for the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle tissue, for modulating intracellular pathways regulating muscle mass. In this study, rats had their soleus and TA muscles of the left hind limb damaged. The animals were divided into control and supplemented with leucine groups (1.35 g / kg per day), which started three days before damage and continued for 1, 3, 10 and 21 days. Leucine increased myofiber CSA in soleus and reduced inflammation and fibrosis on both, and reduced the activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Leucine also increased the number of proliferating satellite cells in the soleus, accelerated the conversion between MyHC isoforms, and in rate of protein synthesis in the TA. However, no elevation on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was observed. There was a reduction on FoXO3a activation and ubiquitinated proteins accumulation in the soleus and an increase in the 26S proteasome activity. Leucine also attenuated the functional impairment on both muscles.