Les isoformes de Tau font parties d’une famille de protéines associées aux microtubules, principalement exprimées dans les neurones du système nerveux central. Ils favorisent l'assemblage de monomères tubuline en microtubules et leurs stabilités, jouant un rôle structurel clé dans les axones neuronaux. Dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et autres tauopathies, la protéine Tau agrège sous forme d’enchevêtrements fibrillaires impliqués dans les lésions intraneuronales et gliales. A l’heure actuelle, le processus d’agrégation présent au sein des tauopathies n’est pas complètement élucidé malgré un grand nombre d’études effectués in vitro. L’essentiel du travail présenté dans ma thèse est basé sur un modèle d’étude in vitro utilisant une protéine Tau recombinante présentant la mutation P301L. Ce mutant ainsi que d’autres fragments de Tau ont été utilisés pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme d’agrégation, comme par exemple le rôle des cystéines, ou de la région riche en proline. Nous avons montré par des mesures de diffusion de la lumière et fluorescence de la Thioflavine S qu’il existe un système d’agrégation indépendant des ponts disulfures intermoléculaires. Nous avons également étudié la capacité anti agrégative de plusieurs polyphénols naturels et endogènes. Notre attention s’est en particulier portée sur trois dérivés phénoliques obtenus à partir d'huile d'olive : l'hydroxytyrosol, l'oleuropéine, l'oleuropéine aglycone. Ce dernier a été trouvé plus actif que l’inhibiteur de référence de Tau, le bleu de méthylène. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenu avec des molécules issues de la dimérisation du DOPAL. L’activité inhibitrice de la fibrillisation de ces molécules peut même atteindre des valeurs submicromolaires. / Tau isoforms are part of the microtubule-associated proteins family, mainly expressed in neurons of the central nervous system. They promote the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and their stabilities, playing a key structural role in neuronal axons. In Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, the tau protein aggregates as fibrillar tangles involved in intraneuronal and glial lesions. At present, the process of aggregation present in the tauopathies is not fully understood despite a large number of studies performed in vitro. Most of the work presented in my thesis is based on an in vitro model study using recombinant tau protein with the P301L mutation. This mutant and other fragments of Tau were used to better understand the mechanism of aggregation, such as the role of the cysteines or the proline-rich region. We have shown by measurements of light scattering and fluorescence of Thioflavin S there is a system of aggregation independent of intermolecular disulfide bonds. We also studied the ability of several anti-aggregative natural polyphenols and endogenous. Our attention was particularly focused on three phenolic derivatives obtained from olive oil: hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, oleuropein aglycone. The latter was found more active than the reference inhibitor of Tau, methylene blue. Similar results were obtained with molecules from DOPAL dimerization. The inhibitory activity of fibrillization of these molecules can reach submicromolar values.

Hydroxytyrosol is one of the most powerful known antioxidants. It is a naturally occurring polyphenol, most commonly produced in olive trees, (Olea europaea). The remarkable antioxidant and pharmacological properties of hydroxytyrosol has made it an outstanding compound in the polyphenol family and of great interest to many researchers. Hydroxytyrosol can scavenge free radicals produced during cellular oxidative stress and helps to protect the integrity of cells in living systems. Despite its numerous biological and pharmacological uses, it is found in very low concentration in olive oil, this limits its availability for biomedical applications. This work reports a novel and effective method for synthesizing hydroxytyrosol from the readily available precursor catechol. The cellular uptake of hydroxytyrosol is slow due to its high hydrophilicity. Therefore, this research aimed at synthesizing less hydrophilic derivatives of hydroxytyrosol by introducing some selected hydrophobic groups (such as alkyl, acyl, …) to its molecular skeleton.

Evidence shows that consumption of a Mediterranean diet can lower the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality suggesting that this diet has an overall effect on health. Antioxidants found within olive oil, the primary source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, may be leading contributors to the decreased disease risk. More specifically, hydroxytyrosol (HT), one of the most active and powerful antioxidants found in olive oil, has the ability to increase total antioxidant status and lower levels of lipid peroxidation. In addition to a healthy diet, physical activity decreases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, aerobic exercise of sufficient intensity or duration can induce oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of HT supplementation on antioxidant status and markers of inflammation in healthy, recreationally active males before and throughout acute aerobic exercise bouts. Using a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures, placebo-controlled design, sixty-one (n=61) participants were randomly assigned to consume a placebo (PLA), low dose of HT (LHT, 50 mg/day), or high dose of HT (HHT, 150 mg/day). Throughout the course of the study, the participants performed four time trial rides (TT1-TT4) on cycle ergometers. TT1 occurred before supplementation, TT2 halfway through the supplementation period, and TT3 and TT4 occurred in the sixth week and final two days of supplementation. Blood was drawn prior to (pre) and just before termination (end) of each time trial to measure markers of antioxidant status and inflammation during exercise. We did not observe significant main effects for treatment on any of the markers for antioxidant status (TEAC) or for markers of inflammation (oxLDL, CRP, 8IP, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, or IL-1ra). Significant treatment-by-time interactions occurred for CRP, 8IP, and IL-6 although significant treatment differences in these measures were not detected. We conclude that chronic and acute HT supplementation does not improve antioxidant status nor decrease markers of inflammation in this population at rest, during, or following exercise. / text

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) has been found to be a potent antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic agent in various animal models of disease including dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT) supplementation on the lipid profile and metabolic risk markers in recreationally active men. Sixty-one (n = 61) subjects (21.46 ± 0.22 yrs, 179.46 ± 0.79 cm, 78.91 ± 1.19 kg) consumed HT in either a high dose (HI, 150 mg HT; n = 22), a low dose (LO, 50 mg HT; n = 20), or a placebo (PLA; n = 19) every day for 6 weeks. Blood draws were obtained at baseline, 14, 28, and 39 days under fasting conditions. Analyzed were the components of the plasma lipid profile: total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), the TC:HDLc fraction, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc), and triglycerides (Tg); and markers of metabolic risk: uric acid, lipase, hemoglobin (Hb), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and blood glucose (BG). The primary finding was that HT, in either HI or LO dosages did not cause clinically meaningful changes in the blood lipid profile or markers of metabolic risk. Subjects in the HI group experienced a small big significant increase in fasting blood glucose, while those in the PLA group experienced a significant increase in VLDLc concentration. In both cases, however, the mean values remained within their respective healthy reference ranges. Whether these changes would persist beyond the 6-week course of this study is not known. While no improvements were seen in any of our selected measures, these results indicate that HT supplementation, ranging from 50 to 150 mg/day, is safe to consume for durations up to 6 weeks in healthy young men. By maintaining the lipid profile and metabolic risk markers within a healthy range, it is possible that HT may impart a degree of protection against cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, but such an effect may only be apparent when the plasma lipid and/or metabolic risk profile is abnormal. / text

Grâce à leurs propriétés antioxydantes, les phénols de l’huile d’olive sont reconnus comme les acteurs principaux de la réduction de la mortalité cardiovasculaire et du diabète de type 2 associée au régime méditerranéen. Cependant, la forte métabolisation de l’hydroxytyrosol, principal composé phénolique de l’huile d’olive, en glucuronides, remet en question son activité biologique.Un premier objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de mettre en évidence l’importance des glucuronides dans l’amélioration de la fonction vasculaire grâce à un effet antioxydant. Néanmoins et contrairement à l’hydroxytyrosol, qui peut être transporté directement par la bilitranslocase, les glucuronides doivent, dans un premier temps, être déconjugués par la β-glucuronidase afin d’exercer leur activité biologique.Un deuxième objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de mettre en évidence leurs effets chez des rats atteints de syndrome métabolique. Nous avons pu constater que ni l’hydroxytyrosol, ni ses glucuronoconjugués ne modulaient la fonction vasculaire.Enfin, un troisième objectif a été de regarder la répercussion d’une supplémentation en hydroxytyrosol, sur les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire dans un modèle de souris atteintes de diabète de type 2. La supplémentation en hydroxytyrosol a réduit la prise de poids, les masses adipeuses et a eu des effets hypotenseurs. Ces effets hypotenseurs semblent être dus à une de la fonction des cellules musculaires lisses puisque nos travaux montrent une relaxation endothélium-indépendante améliorée. Nos travaux donnent un nouvel éclairage sur les effets de l’hydroxytyrosol et ses métabolites, tous deux contribuant, potentiellement, à la réduction de l’incidence des maladies cardiovasculaires et du diabète de type 2. / Olive oil polyphenols are well-known to lower cardiovascular mortality and type 2 diabetes incidence associated to the Mediterranean diet. However, the high metabolization rate of hydroxytyrosol, the main phenolic compound of olive oil, into glucuronides, questions its real biological effect. The first objective of this thesis was to evidence the importance of glucuronides of Hydroxytyrosol in the enhancement of vascular function through antioxidative properties. It was found that, unlike to hydroxytyrosol that can be directly transported with bilitranslocase glucuronides have to be deconjugated by β-glucuronidase to exert their biological activity. A second objective was to evidence the effects of Hydroxytyrosol and glucuronides on vascular function in diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats. Neither hydroxytyrosol nor glucuronides modulated vascular function in this pathological context. A third objective was to show the effect of a chronic Hydroxytyrosol supplementation in refined olive oil on cardiovascular risk factors in a mice model of Metabolic Syndrome. Hydroxytyrosol supplementation was able to reduce weight gain, white adipose tissues mass and to lower blood pressure. These hypotensive effects seem to be due in smooth muscle cells function. In conclusion, our works highlight the importance of Hydroxytyrosol and its glucuronoconjugated metabolites, both contributing to the reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors associated to type 2 diabetes and Metabolic syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT) supplementation on markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, aerobic capacity, and endurance exercise performance in recreationally active men. Sixty-one (n = 61) subjects (21.46 ± 0.22 yrs, 179.46 ± 0.79 cm, 78.91 ± 1.19 kg) consumed either a high dose (HI) HT supplement (150 mg HT), a low dose (LO) HT supplement (50 mg HT), or a placebo (PLA) every day for 6 weeks. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained at baseline and after 6 weeks of supplement consumption and analyzed for markers of mitochondrial biogenesis: succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), citrate synthase (CS), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ɣ coactivator (PGC)-1α. Subjects completed exercise testing on a bicycle ergometer at baseline and after 3 and 6 weeks of supplement consumption to measure changes in maximal aerobic power (VO2MAX), lactate threshold, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), substrate utilization, and endurance exercise performance on a 20 km time trial course. The primary findings were that HT supplementation increased muscle oxidative enzyme activity suggesting increased oxidative capacity. HT also increased time trial performance at midpoint and endpoint and this corresponded with an improvement in lactate threshold and a lower RER for the LO HT treatment. Time trial performance was also improved at endpoint for PLA, however, unlike LO an HI HT, this was accompanied by a significant increase in rating of perceived exercise (RPE) and not associated with improvements in muscle oxidative capacity. Our results indicate that HT ranging from 50 to 150 mg/day for 6 weeks can improve muscle oxidative capacity and aerobic performance, and suggests that HT may be used chronically to improve mitochondrial function. HT may be used as an effective means to increase mitochondria to improve exercise performance, and limit diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and some cancers. / text

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of hydroxytyrosol (HT) supplementation on markers of muscle damage in healthy, recreationally active men before and throughout acute aerobic exercise bouts. Using a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures, placebo-controlled design, sixty-one (n = 61) subjects (21.46 ± 0.22 yrs, 179.46 ± 0.79 cm, 78.91 ± 1.19 kg) consumed either a high dose (HI) HT supplement (150 mg HT), a low dose (LO) HT supplement (50 mg HT), or a placebo (PLA) every day for 6 weeks. Throughout the course of the study, the subjects performed four time trial rides (TT1-TT4) on a cycle ergometer. TT1 occurred before supplementation, TT2 halfway through the supplementation period, and TT3 and TT4 occurred in the sixth week and final two days of supplementation. Blood was drawn prior to (pre) and just before termination (end) of each time trial to measure markers of muscle damage during exercise. We observed that endurance exercise increased indicators of muscle damage, CPK and myoglobin, but an association between HT treatment and reduced muscle damage indicators during exercise were not demonstrated. However, the HT supplementation for 6 weeks in recreationally-active males improved time trial performance in the HT treatment groups over the course of the study and this improvement was accompanied by a lower increase in myoglobin concentration in blood in the HI treatment group than in the LO treatment group. Also, performance was improved after 6 weeks in the PLA group. This improvement was associated with an increase in rating of perceived exertion (RPE). RPE was not increased in either the LO and HI treatment groups, although time trial performance was significantly improved. It is possible that HT can improve performance by altering perception of effort. We conclude that chronic and acute HT supplementation did not reduce markers of muscle damage in this population at rest, during, or following exercise, but improved aerobic performance. / text

Hydroxytyrosol is one of the most powerful known antioxidants. It is a naturally occurring polyphenol, most commonly produced in Olive tree, (Olea europaea). The remarkable antioxidant and pharmacological properties of hydroxytyrosol has made it an outstanding compound in the polyphenol family and of great interest to many researchers. Hydroxytyrosol has the ability to scavenge free radicals produced during cellular oxidative stress and helps to protect the integrity of cells in living systems. Despite its numerous biological and pharmacological uses, it is found in very low concentration in olive oil, this limits its biomedical applications. A novel method for synthesizing pure hydroxytyrosol from commercially less expensive precursor catechol was successfully developed in our lab. However, it is believed that the cellular uptake of hydroxytyrosol is slow because of its high hydrophilicity. Therefore, we plan in this ongoing research to synthesize less hydrophilic derivatives of hydroxytyrosol by introducing some hydrophobic groups (such as alkyl, acyl, …) to its molecular skeleton.

Les polyphénols et les phénols sont des molécules organiques largement présentes dans le règne végétal et souvent évaluées pour leur potentiel pharmacologique. Ces travaux de thèse concernent la synthèse totale de gallotannins, une classe importante de polyphénols, et l’hémisynthèse de la norbergénine, un C-arylglucoside naturel. Les gallotannins font partie des tannins hydrolysables dont la biosynthèse conduit à des structures chimiques caractérisées par la présence, sur un cœur glucopyranose, de plusieurs unités galloyle liées les unes aux autres par des liaisons méta-depside. Aucune synthèse chimique de ces composés n’ayant été décrite à ce jour, nous avons réalisé la synthèse totale de gallotannins naturels et de leurs anomères non naturels porteurs de motifs di- ou tri-galloyle depside. Ces travaux ont également permis d’étudier l’équilibre méta-para de ces motifs en solution. Quant à l’hémisynthèse de la norbergénine, elle a été réalisée avec succès en une seule étape à partir de la bergénine, un C-arylglucoside commercial, par réaction de O-déméthylation oxydante au SIBX (version stabilisée commerciale du iodane_λ5 IBX). Cette réaction chimiosélective a également été appliquée à des 2-méthoxyphénols et a notamment permis l’obtention de l’hydroxytyrosol à partir de l’alcool homovanillique. / Polyphenols and phenols are organic molecules widely found in the plant kingdom and very often evaluated for their pharmacological potential. This thesis work describes the total synthesis of gallotannins, an important class of polyphenols, and the hemisynthesis of norbergenin, a natural C-arylglucoside. The gallotannins belong to the hydrolysable tannins whose biosynthesis leads to chemical structures characterized by the presence, on a glucopyranose core, of several galloyl units linked ones to the others by meta-depside bonds. No chemical synthesis of these compounds have been reported to date, so we completed the total synthesis of several naturally occurring meta-depsidic gallotannins and their non natural anomers that contain di- or tri-galloyl motifs. This work also allowed the study of the meta-para equilibrium of these motifs in solution. For the norbergenin hemisynthesis, it was successfully achieved in a one step reaction from bergenin, a commercial C-arylglucoside, by a SIBX-mediated oxidative O-demethylation (SIBX = commercially available stabilized version of the λ5 _iodane IBX). This chemoselective reaction was also applied to 2-methoxyphenols and notably allowed the hemisynthesis of hydroxytyrosol from homovanillyl alcohol.

A aplicação de formulações cosméticas possibilita a proteção da pele contra os fatores externos causadores do envelhecimento cutâneo. Atualmente observa-se um aumento na demanda por cosméticos naturais, definidos como produtos que não contêm substâncias de origem sintética, exceto conservantes e algumas substâncias, como os filtros solares. No entanto, existem poucos relatos na literatura de estudos clínicos que demonstrem a eficácia desses produtos, uma vez que, esses compreendem uma mistura complexa de compostos com potencial atividade biológica e, portanto, podem apresentar resultados dependendo da sinergia ou antagonismo entre os ingredientes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver formulações cosméticas contendo matérias-primas de origem vegetal, bem como avaliar sua estabilidade por determinação da reologia, perfil de textura e a eficácia clínica. Para tal, inicialmente foi realizada pesquisa em banco de dados de patentes para identificar as tendências relacionadas aos produtos cosméticos contendo matérias-primas de origem vegetal. A partir dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa de patentes e na literatura científica, foram escolhidas as matérias-primas para o desenvolvimento das formulações. Foram elaboradas formulações contendo óleo de macadâmia (Macadamia ternifólia) - F02, óleo de oliva (Olea europae) - F03 ou óleo de girassol (Helianthus annus) - F04, as quais foram submetidas à análise de textura em texturômetro e analise sensorial aplicando o questionário \"Check-all-that-apply\" em 48 voluntárias. A formulação F04 apresentou o melhor sensorial, corroborando com os resultados obtidos na análise de textura, onde a formulação com óleo de girassol (F04) indicou o melhor perfil de textura. Assim, esta formulação foi acrescida de filtros solares ou extrato de oliva padronizado em hidroxitirosol (HT) e analisada quanto à textura e estabilidade. A formulação FF07, contendo filtros solares, e a formulação FH1, contendo 0,2% de HT foram consideradas estáveis e portanto selecionadas para estudos de eficácia clínica imediata e em longo prazo, com a formulação F04. Na avaliação dos efeitos imediatos foi feita a determinação do conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo e de sebo e perda transepidérmica de água (TEWL) em 40 voluntárias. Os efeitos em longo prazo foram avaliados em 30 voluntárias quanto ao conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo, TEWL, oleosidade, viscoelasticidade e características estruturais e morfológicas da epiderme e derme, após 56 dias de tratamento. Após 2 horas de aplicação das formulações F04, FF07 e FH1 observou-se diminuição da TEWL. Para as formulações F04 e FH1 foi observado apenas aumento do conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo. Por fim, os resultados do estudo da eficácia em longo prazo mostraram que as formulações F04 e FH1 aumentaram o conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo após 56 dias de aplicação. A formulação FH1 aumentou o conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo após 28 dias de tratamento e melhorou a viscoelasticidade da pele de acordo com o parâmetro R7 (retração imediata/distenção total da pele). Não houve alteração nas características morfológicas e estruturais da pele com o uso das formulações em estudo. Em síntese, as formulações desenvolvidas no presente estudo foram estáveis e com perfil de textura e sensorial adequado às finalidades propostas. Além disso, a formulação que continha óleo de girassol com HT (FH1) mostrou efeito hidratante imediato e melhora na viscoelasticidade cutânea / Topical application of cosmetics provides skin protection and prevention against external factors that cause skin aging. Currently, there is an increased demand for natural cosmetics, defined as products without substances obtained by chemical synthesis, excepted preservatives and solar filters. Few clinical trials have shown the efficacy of this complex mixture of compounds with potential biological that could act in synergy or antagonism. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop cosmetic formulations with raw materials from vegetable sources as well as to evaluate its stability by rheology, texture profile and clinical efficacy. First, a patent database research was conducted in order to identify trends related to cosmetics containing raw materials from vegetable sources and based on the results obtained in the patent research and in the scientific literature, the row materials were chosen for the development of formulations. Formulations containing macadamia oil F02 (Macadamia ternifolia), olive oil, F03 (Olea europae) or sunflower oil, F04 (Helianthus annus) were prepared. These formulations were submitted to texture analysis and sensorial analysis by \"Check-all-taht-apply\" questionnaire in 48 panels. The formulation F04 showed the best sensorial, supporting the results obtained in the texture analysis. Thus, sunscreens or olive extract (Olea europae) standardized on hydroxytyrosol were added to formulation F04 and texture and stability studies were conducted. The formulation FF07, containing sunscreens and the formulation FH1, with 0.2% of olive extract (Olea europae) standardized on hydroxytyrosol (HT), were considered stables and selected for the immediate and long-term clinical trials with formulation F04. In the evaluation of immediate effects, the parameters stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and oiliness were evaluated in 40 panels. The log-term effects were evaluated in 30 panels concerning stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss, oiliness, viscoelasticity, and structural and morphological characteristics of epidermis and dermis after 56 days of treatment. After two hours of application of the formulations F04, FF07 and FH1 was observed a reduction of the TEWL. Finally, the results obtained in long-term study showed that the formulations F04 and FH1 increased the stratum corneum water content after 56 days of treatment. The formulation FH1 performed it, after 28 days of treatment. and have improved the skin viscoelasticity according to the parameter R7 (immediate retraction/total distention of the skin). Structural and morphological characteristics of the skin didn\'t showed alterations. In summary, formulations developed in this study were stable with texture and sensorial properties suitable for the proposed purposes. In addition, the formulation containing sunflower oil with HT showed immediate moisturizing effect and improvement in the skin viscoelasticity