Box and Jenkins methodologies have massively contributed to the analysis of time series data. However, the assumptions used in these methods impose constraints on the type of the data. As a result, difficulties arise when we apply those tools to a more generalized type of data (e.g. count, categorical or integer-valued data) rather than the classical continuous or more specifically Gaussian type. Papers in the literature proposed alternate methods to model discrete-valued time series data, among these methods is Pegram's operator (1980). We use this operator to build an AR(p) model for integer-valued time series (including both positive and negative integers). The innovations follow the differenced Poisson distribution, or Skellam distribution. While the model includes the usual AR(p) correlation structure, it can be made more general. In fact, the operator can be extended in a way where it is possible to have components which contribute to positive correlation, while at the same time have components which contribute to negative correlation. As an illustration, the process is used to model the change in a stock’s price, where three variations are presented: Variation I, Variation II and Variation III. The first model disregards outliers; however, the second and third include large price changes associated with the effect of large volume trades and market openings. Parameters of the model are estimated using Maximum Likelihood methods. We use several model selection criteria to select the best order for each variation of the model as well as to determine which is the best variation of the model. The most adequate order for all the variations of the model is $AR(3)$. While the best fit for the data is Variation II, residuals' diagnostic plots suggest that Variation III represents a better correlation structure for the model.

Box and Jenkins methodologies have massively contributed to the analysis of time series data. However, the assumptions used in these methods impose constraints on the type of the data. As a result, difficulties arise when we apply those tools to a more generalized type of data (e.g. count, categorical or integer-valued data) rather than the classical continuous or more specifically Gaussian type. Papers in the literature proposed alternate methods to model discrete-valued time series data, among these methods is Pegram's operator (1980). We use this operator to build an AR(p) model for integer-valued time series (including both positive and negative integers). The innovations follow the differenced Poisson distribution, or Skellam distribution. While the model includes the usual AR(p) correlation structure, it can be made more general. In fact, the operator can be extended in a way where it is possible to have components which contribute to positive correlation, while at the same time have components which contribute to negative correlation. As an illustration, the process is used to model the change in a stock’s price, where three variations are presented: Variation I, Variation II and Variation III. The first model disregards outliers; however, the second and third include large price changes associated with the effect of large volume trades and market openings. Parameters of the model are estimated using Maximum Likelihood methods. We use several model selection criteria to select the best order for each variation of the model as well as to determine which is the best variation of the model. The most adequate order for all the variations of the model is $AR(3)$. While the best fit for the data is Variation II, residuals' diagnostic plots suggest that Variation III represents a better correlation structure for the model.

O teste de Salmonella/microssoma é um ensaio biológico amplamente utilizado para avaliar o potencial mutagênico de substâncias que podem colocar em risco a saúde humana e a qualidade ambiental. A variável resposta é constituída pela contagem do número de colônias revertentes em cada placa, entretanto geralmente há dois efeitos confundidos, o de toxicidade e o de mutagenicidade. Alguns modelos foram propostos para a análise dos dados desses experimentos, que nem sempre apresentam bons ajustes e não consideram explicitamente interações. Há, ainda, poucas plataformas computacionais disponíveis que integram todas essas propostas e forneçam critérios para a seleção adequada de um modelo. Além disso, geralmente é difícil comparar os efeitos de diferentes substâncias sobre as várias linhagens da bactéria, então medidas com interpretação biológica direta são necessárias. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as propriedades dos preditores dos modelos tradicionais, bem como o comportamento das distribuições amostrais dos estimadores dos parâmetros desses modelos, na presença de diversos níveis de superdispersão. Também, foram realizados experimentos com as linhagens TA98 e TA100 da bactéria, expostas aos inseticidas, metabolizados e não-metabolizados, Fipronil e Tiametoxam, dois agroquímicos bastante utilizados no Brasil. Aos dados desses experimentos foram ajustados diversos modelos, tanto aqueles tradicionalmente utilizados, quanto novos modelos, alguns baseados na regressão de Skellam e outros com interações explícitas. Para tal, foi obtida uma nova classe de modelos chamada de modelos não-lineares vetoriais generalizados e foi desenvolvido um pacote computacional em linguagem R, intitulado \"ames\", para o ajuste, diagnóstico e seleção de modelos. Por fim, foram propostas medidas de interesse biológico, baseadas nos modelos selecionados, para avaliação de risco e do comprometimento do material genético e intervalos de confiança bootstrap paramétrico foram obtidos. Dentre os modelos tradicionais, aqueles cujas distribuições amostrais dos estimadores possuem melhor aproximação normal foram os de Bernstein, Breslow e Myers. Estes resultados forneceram um critério prático para a seleção de modelos, particularmente nas situações em que as medidas de AIC e de bondade de ajuste, os testes de razão de verossimilhanças e a análise de resíduos ou são pouco informativos ou simplesmente não podem ser aplicados. A partir dos modelos selecionados, pode-se concluir que a interação do fator de metabolização é significativa para a linhagem TA98 exposta ao Fipronil, tanto com relação aos efeitos tóxicos quanto aos efeitos mutagênicos; que o mecanismo de ação do Tiametoxam sobre a linhagem TA98 é completamente diferente quando o produto está metabolizado; e que, para a linhagem TA100, não houve efeito de metabolização considerando ambos os agroquímicos. Baseando-se nas medidas propostas, pode-se concluir que o Tiametoxam oferece os maiores riscos de contaminação residual, ainda que o Fipronil apresente os maiores índices de mutagenicidade. / The Salmonella/microsome test is a widely accepted biological assay used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of substances, which can compromise human health and environment quality. The response variable in such experiments is typically the total number of reverts per plate, which, in turn, is the result of the confounded effects of mutagenicity and toxicity. Despite of some statistical models have already been established in the literature, they do not always fit well and neither explicitly consider interaction terms. Besides, there is just a number of available software able to handle these different approaches, usually lacking of global performance and model selection criteria. Also, it is often a hard task to compare the effects of different chemicals over the several available strains to perform the assay, and, thus, direct measures of biological implications are required. In this work, the properties of the predictors in each traditional model were investigated, as well as the behavior of the sampling distributions of the parameter estimators of these models, in different levels of overdispersion. Also, experiments using TA98 and TA100 strains were perfomed, by exposition to two insecticides, namely Fipronil and Thiamethoxam, currently used in Brazil, each of them prior and after to a metabolization processes. Then, the traditional models, empirical regression models based on the Skellam distribution and also compound mechanistic-empirical models with explicit interaction terms were fitted to the data. In order to use a single fitting framework, a new class of models was presented, namely the vector generalized nonlinear models, and a R language package, entitled \"ames\", was developed for fitting, diagnosing and selection of models. Finally, some measures of biological interest were approached based on the selected models for the data, in the contexts of risk evaluation and of DNA damage cautioning. Confidence intervals for such measures were provided using bootstrap percentiles. Among the traditional models, the ones from Bernstein, Breslow and Myers were those whose sampling distributions presented the best normal approximations. These results provided a practical criterion for model selection, particularly in situations where measures as AIC and goodness of fit, likelihood ratio tests, and residual analysis are non informative or simply cannot be applied. From the final selected models, it was inferred that the interactions between the metabolization factor is significative for TA98 strain exposed to Fipronil, regarding both, mutagenic and toxic effects; that the dynamics between mutagenicity and toxicity are different when Thiamethoxam is metabolized compared to when it is not; and that there was no evidence to consider metabolization factor interactions for the TA100 strain data exposed to neither of the insecticides. By appling the referred measures of biological interest, it was concluded that the use of Thiamethoxam provides greater residual contamination risks and that Fipronil causes higher mutagenicity indices.

O teste de Salmonella/microssoma é um ensaio biológico amplamente utilizado para avaliar o potencial mutagênico de substâncias que podem colocar em risco a saúde humana e a qualidade ambiental. A variável resposta é constituída pela contagem do número de colônias revertentes em cada placa, entretanto geralmente há dois efeitos confundidos, o de toxicidade e o de mutagenicidade. Alguns modelos foram propostos para a análise dos dados desses experimentos, que nem sempre apresentam bons ajustes e não consideram explicitamente interações. Há, ainda, poucas plataformas computacionais disponíveis que integram todas essas propostas e forneçam critérios para a seleção adequada de um modelo. Além disso, geralmente é difícil comparar os efeitos de diferentes substâncias sobre as várias linhagens da bactéria, então medidas com interpretação biológica direta são necessárias. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as propriedades dos preditores dos modelos tradicionais, bem como o comportamento das distribuições amostrais dos estimadores dos parâmetros desses modelos, na presença de diversos níveis de superdispersão. Também, foram realizados experimentos com as linhagens TA98 e TA100 da bactéria, expostas aos inseticidas, metabolizados e não-metabolizados, Fipronil e Tiametoxam, dois agroquímicos bastante utilizados no Brasil. Aos dados desses experimentos foram ajustados diversos modelos, tanto aqueles tradicionalmente utilizados, quanto novos modelos, alguns baseados na regressão de Skellam e outros com interações explícitas. Para tal, foi obtida uma nova classe de modelos chamada de modelos não-lineares vetoriais generalizados e foi desenvolvido um pacote computacional em linguagem R, intitulado \"ames\", para o ajuste, diagnóstico e seleção de modelos. Por fim, foram propostas medidas de interesse biológico, baseadas nos modelos selecionados, para avaliação de risco e do comprometimento do material genético e intervalos de confiança bootstrap paramétrico foram obtidos. Dentre os modelos tradicionais, aqueles cujas distribuições amostrais dos estimadores possuem melhor aproximação normal foram os de Bernstein, Breslow e Myers. Estes resultados forneceram um critério prático para a seleção de modelos, particularmente nas situações em que as medidas de AIC e de bondade de ajuste, os testes de razão de verossimilhanças e a análise de resíduos ou são pouco informativos ou simplesmente não podem ser aplicados. A partir dos modelos selecionados, pode-se concluir que a interação do fator de metabolização é significativa para a linhagem TA98 exposta ao Fipronil, tanto com relação aos efeitos tóxicos quanto aos efeitos mutagênicos; que o mecanismo de ação do Tiametoxam sobre a linhagem TA98 é completamente diferente quando o produto está metabolizado; e que, para a linhagem TA100, não houve efeito de metabolização considerando ambos os agroquímicos. Baseando-se nas medidas propostas, pode-se concluir que o Tiametoxam oferece os maiores riscos de contaminação residual, ainda que o Fipronil apresente os maiores índices de mutagenicidade. / The Salmonella/microsome test is a widely accepted biological assay used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of substances, which can compromise human health and environment quality. The response variable in such experiments is typically the total number of reverts per plate, which, in turn, is the result of the confounded effects of mutagenicity and toxicity. Despite of some statistical models have already been established in the literature, they do not always fit well and neither explicitly consider interaction terms. Besides, there is just a number of available software able to handle these different approaches, usually lacking of global performance and model selection criteria. Also, it is often a hard task to compare the effects of different chemicals over the several available strains to perform the assay, and, thus, direct measures of biological implications are required. In this work, the properties of the predictors in each traditional model were investigated, as well as the behavior of the sampling distributions of the parameter estimators of these models, in different levels of overdispersion. Also, experiments using TA98 and TA100 strains were perfomed, by exposition to two insecticides, namely Fipronil and Thiamethoxam, currently used in Brazil, each of them prior and after to a metabolization processes. Then, the traditional models, empirical regression models based on the Skellam distribution and also compound mechanistic-empirical models with explicit interaction terms were fitted to the data. In order to use a single fitting framework, a new class of models was presented, namely the vector generalized nonlinear models, and a R language package, entitled \"ames\", was developed for fitting, diagnosing and selection of models. Finally, some measures of biological interest were approached based on the selected models for the data, in the contexts of risk evaluation and of DNA damage cautioning. Confidence intervals for such measures were provided using bootstrap percentiles. Among the traditional models, the ones from Bernstein, Breslow and Myers were those whose sampling distributions presented the best normal approximations. These results provided a practical criterion for model selection, particularly in situations where measures as AIC and goodness of fit, likelihood ratio tests, and residual analysis are non informative or simply cannot be applied. From the final selected models, it was inferred that the interactions between the metabolization factor is significative for TA98 strain exposed to Fipronil, regarding both, mutagenic and toxic effects; that the dynamics between mutagenicity and toxicity are different when Thiamethoxam is metabolized compared to when it is not; and that there was no evidence to consider metabolization factor interactions for the TA100 strain data exposed to neither of the insecticides. By appling the referred measures of biological interest, it was concluded that the use of Thiamethoxam provides greater residual contamination risks and that Fipronil causes higher mutagenicity indices.