Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA FRIZON.pdf: 1007171 bytes, checksum: e139c3cba6711bcac003708dd8fedecf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / There are many pathological changes of skin color classified into hereditary and acquired hyper-pigmentation. The depigmetant drugs mostly used in the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation are zelaic acid, phytic acid, ascorbic acid, kojic acid, tretinoin and hydroquinone. However, hydroquinone is mainly used in masterful formulations; primarily in the handling of creams, therefore, it deserves special attention. This study had the objective of analyzing the molecular behavior of hydroquinone. The constant use of hydroquinone in dermatology and compounding pharmacies justify the studies that may evaluate the aspects of its manipulation, the main types of skin hyper-pigmentation, and the addressing questions about the physical chemistry of the drug, increased stability for about three to six months in compounding pharmacies, the composition, the filling, the conservation and proper use of hydroquinone by the patients. Usually hydroquinone concentration used in preparations can reach up to 10% and as a vehicle several basis are used, including hydro-alcoholic solution. The use of a base such as cetostearyl alcohol and an emulsifier non-ionic as the polysorbate, the use of opaque labels, pH defined between 6,0 and 6,5, avoid the presence of oxygen, use water with high level of purity, metal less and use of antioxidants sodium metabisulfite, will slow the oxidatation process and extend the validation date for six months. / Há várias alterações patológicas da coloração da pele que estão classificadas em hipercromia hereditárias e adquiridas. Os medicamentos despigmetantes mais utilizados no tratamento da hiperpigmentação cutânea são: ácido azeláico, ácido fítico, ácido ascórbico, ácido kójico, tretinoína, ácido glicólico e hidroquinona. No entanto, a hidroquinona é mais utilizada em formulações magistrais, principalmente, na manipulação de cremes e, portanto, merece destaque. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o comportamento molecular da hidroquinona. O seu uso constante na dermatologia e em farmácias magistrais justifica os estudos que possam avaliar aspectos de sua manipulação, os principais tipos de hiperpigmentação cutânea e, abordar questões sobre as propriedades físico-química desse fármaco, e o aumento da estabilidade de três para seis meses em farmácia magistral, a composição, o envase, a conservação e o uso adequado da hidroquinona pelos pacientes. Sua concentração usual em preparações magistrais pode atingir até 10% utilizando como veículo diversas bases, inclusive solução hidroalcoólica. A utilização de uma base como o alcoocetoestearílico e um emulsionante não iônico como o polissorbato, o uso de embalagens opacas, pH definido entre 6,0 a 6,5, evitar a presença de oxigênio, utilizar água com alto grau de pureza, sem metais e o uso do antioxidantes metabissulfito de sódio, vão retardam o processo oxidativo e ampliam o prazo de validade para seis meses.

Hyperpigmentation is a common dermatological complaint that can have profound effect on appearance and quality of life.  Disorders of hyperpigmentation comprise a large group of skin conditions characterized by an increase of melanin production, increase in density of active melanocytes, abnormal melanin distribution, and/or deposition of exogenous pigments. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the impact hyperpigmentation disorders on health-related quality of life and to better understand patient knowledge, approaches, and experiences. The study was conducted on 298 consenting adult patients with a skin related disorder of hyperpigmentation who sought dermatological care at Boston Medical Center (BMC) or East Boston Neighborhood Health Center (EBNHC) from February of 2015 to March of 2016. Patients were anonymously surveyed in order to collect an assortment of information including demographic characteristics, skin condition, health practices, knowledge base, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measured with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (Finlay and Khan 1994) and SDIEQ, a five-item , non-validated, brief health-related quality of life questionnaire (A. Taylor et al. 2008). Disease severity was assessed by Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI), Post Acne Hyperpigmentation Index (PAHPI) and body surface area when appropriate. The mean overall DLQI was 6.56 (SD 5.35). In sub-analysis, the mean DLQI in those diagnosed with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation was 7.89 (SD 0.61), melasma 6.75 (SD 0.45), and other hyperpigmentation disorders 4.5 (SD 0.55). The disease type and duration were both factors associated with a change in DLQI scores. The factors associated with a higher likelihood of patients’ knowledge of their diagnosis included a higher level of formal education, younger age, longer duration of having the condition, and current use of sunscreen, which were found to have 2.4, 2, 3.7, and 2.4 significantly higher odds of knowing their diagnosis, respectively. This study found that the overall impact of hyperpigmentation on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was small to moderate; however, about 22% reported a very large affect on quality of life. Patients with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and melasma have significantly lower quality of life when compared with other hyperpigmentation disorders. MASI had a significantly weak correlation with DLQI and SDIEQ, demonstrating that disease severity does not predict patient perception and impact on quality of life.