Recent studies have suggested that the average individual has a sleep requirement in excess of 8h sleep each night. These concerns stem from reports of relatively increased propensity for sleep throughout the day for otherwise apparently healthy, young adults. It has been claimed that a substantial proportion of these individuals are suffering from a chronic loss of sleep. The work presented in this thesis focuses on two key issues: (i) the adequacy of current social norms of sleep behaviour, and (ii) the assumption that an increased propensity for sleep throughout the day is the single most reliable consequence of a failure to satisfy a physiological need for sleep. Throughout the first experiment the potential benefits of sleeping for as much as 10h per night were explored. During 26 consecutive nights EEG recordings and/or actigraphs were used to monitor the night-time sleep of 10 asymptornatic regular sleepers (mean 23.6y). The schedule comprised 7 nights of BASELINE sleep, 14 nights of EXTENDED sleep (up to 10h/night), and 5 nights of RECOVERY sleep. During EXTENDED sleep subjects slept significantly longer (approx. 1h) but sleep latency and interim wakefidness deteriorated. EXTENDED sleep produced no improvements to self-rated mood or subjective sleepiness. Vigilance tests showed a small but significant reduction in reaction time following EXTENDED sleep compared with both BASELINE and RECOVERY nights. Ability to detect target tones did not change significantly. An objective measure of daytime sleepiness - the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) - showed small (approx I min) reductions during EXTENDED sleep. These findings give little support to the view of chronic sleep deprivation in the average 7.5 h sleeper. The second section includes evidence of a number of circumstances in which sleep can occur in alert subjects who otherwise showed no indication of sleepiness related impairment : (i) by using non-conventional scoring criteria throughout MSLT trials, sleep was found to occur as short bursts, or microsleeps, in non-arousing situations (ii) in response to a motivational incentive, and (iii) as MSLT defined patholo 91 sleepiness unrelated to sleep-sensitive performance tasks, subjective sleepiness, or prior sleep behaviour. It is concluded that the capacity for more sleep at night, and the ability to fall asleep quickly during the day, are not systematically related to a physiological need for sleep for many healthy, regular sleeping young adults.

Poor sleep measured across many dimensions has been linked to adverse physical and mental health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, increased mortality, depression, and anxiety. Current research typically relies upon brief, subjective, inadequately validated methods to assess limited dimensions of sleep, resulting in inaccurate measurements and possibly faulty conclusions. Specifically, research validating objective (e.g., actigraphy) and subjective (e.g., sleep diaries, retrospective surveys) measurement methods against the gold standard of polysomnography (PSG, an overnight sleep study) is primarily limited by a) a lack of reliability based on too short (e.g., 24 or 48 hours) of an assessment period to capture night-to-night variability, b) a lack of ecological validity (e.g., full PSG in a laboratory setting), and c) a lack of generalizability due to limited or special populations (e.g., individuals with insomnia). Barriers such as prohibitive cost, extensive setup time, and personnel training requirements diminish the ability of researchers to conduct measurement comparison studies using gold standard measures like traditional PSG. These barriers can be circumvented with the use of low-cost, minimally invasive single-channel EEG devices (e.g., Zmachine), but to date few studies have employed these devices. The current study evaluated the accuracy of retrospective surveys, sleep diaries, and actigraphy compared to a single-channel EEG device for assessment of sleep timing, duration, and efficiency in participants' homes over one week using a broad community sample (N = 80). Actigraphy generally demonstrated the best agreement with Zmachine across sleep variables, followed by diary and then survey. Circadian midpoint was the most consistent across measures, followed by sleep duration and then sleep efficiency. Implications and future directions are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects millions of people within the United States, and type 2 DM is the most common form of DM. Lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity and poor diet have been associated with type 2 DM, but the relationship between sleep quality and type 2 DM is less clear. The overall aim of the study was to evaluate the association between the mean hours of self-reported and Fitbit-measured total sleep time and sleep quality with glycemic traits. Furthermore, we aimed to assess whether adjusting for diet quality attenuates such associations between sleep and glycemic control. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated data from the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation, New Offspring Spouse, and Omni 2 participants in attendance for the first 8 months of exam 4 (778 participants). We excluded participants who did not wear a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), complete a sleep log and diet assessment, and wear a Fitbit physical activity and sleep monitoring device (n=384). We used multivariable linear regression to examine our primary objective, to determine the association of the mean hours of total sleep time (measured by self-report and Fitbit) and sleep quality (sleep latency and sleep efficiency, measured using a Fitbit) with glycemic traits (mean glucose, CV, CONGA-1, MODD, and MAGE measured using CGM). We examined these associations separately among participants with normoglycemia (n=197), prediabetes mellitus (preDM) (n=151) and DM (n=36). DM was defined by self-reported or history of DM, taking glucose-lowering medication, fasting blood glucose ≥126mg/dL, or hemoglobin (Hb)A1c ≥6.5%. Participants with prediabetes were defined by having fasting glucose 100-126mg/dL or HbA1c 5.7-6.5%. RESULTS: Compared to individuals without DM (normoglycemia and prediabetes), individuals with DM spent less time asleep and in bed (7.1 hours and 7.6 hours respectively). Effect sizes of our primary analyses were similar between the sample with normoglycemia and preDM, so we reported results for analysis in which we combined these samples. In individuals with DM, we observed an association between more sleep and less glycemic variability in the CGM outcomes, CV, CONGA-1, MODD, and MAGE, after adjusting for physical activity and dietary factors. Self-reported and Fitbit-measured total sleep time were negatively associated with CGM-measured CV (a metric of glycemic variability) when adjusting for age, sex, lot number, BMI, average steps, total energy intake, and refined grains in individuals without DM. We observed no association between venous glucose and any sleep parameter across all DM status groups. In our secondary analysis, we did not observe any associations between sleep quality and the CGM outcomes, despite the varying adjustment models. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that total sleep time is a predictor of glycemic control in individuals with and without DM. Further research is necessary to determine the causality of this relationship, the role of meal timing and dietary patterns, and whether changes in sleep time have an effect on glycemic control.

This study aims to examine the relationship between stress and sleep of undergraduate students during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. The possibly correlational relationship between these two parameters was determined with respect to how this population was faring during recent times, two years into the pandemic. The study also served to examine how this relationship changed over time based on three time frames: before the pandemic, during the advent of the lockdown (March 2020-May 2020), and during recent times. A survey was developed to collect data from the undergraduate participants for correlation and regression analysis to determine the relationship between stress and sleep quality as well as how the relationship has changed over time. In addition to questions pertaining to the subjective stress levels and subjective sleep quality of the respondents, questions adapted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to serve as an objective measure of sleep quality. The survey was created through the Qualtrics online survey software and distributed through social media such as Reddit and Discord. The participant inclusion criteria included: 1) be a current undergraduate student at a university or community college, and 2) be at least the age of 18. One-hundred-four full responses were collected out of a total of 138 that began the survey. The results indicated a high prevalence of sleep problems among the participants, with the majority of them (58.65%) having poor sleep quality within the last month. A moderate negative correlation between stress levels and sleep quality was found as well. This was based upon a moderate positive correlation between subjective stress level, and PSQI score the month prior to participants taking the survey. However, stress was not a good predictor in determining sleep quality alone. Further, the results were inconclusive on how the relationship between stress and sleep quality changed from before to during the duration of the lockdown. Overall, this study indicated the need to further research into how stress and other factors affect the sleep quality of not just undergraduate students but other populations susceptible to poor sleep.

No description available.

Over the last decade a substantial body of research has focused on the consequences of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children. This dissertation presents the results of two large laboratory-based studies.

Sleep disordered breathing (SBD) in children ranges in severity from primary snoring to Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). SBD is known to impact on sleep and health and evidence also suggests negative impacts on neuropsychological and psychosocial performance. However, the prevalence of SBD in children remains to be clearly established. In addition, the degree of neuropsychological and psychosocial impairment in children with SBD and the severity of SBD is that it is necessary for this impairment to be evident, remain established. These questions were examined in the four studies that comprise this thesis.

Thesis (M Nursing)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2008. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Susan Luparell. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-67).

Thesis (M Nursing)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2009. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Rita E. Cheek. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-55).

Thesis (M.S. in Human Systems Integration)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Miller, Nita Lewis. "September 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on 5 November 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Navy Standard Workweek (NSWW), Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST), sleep, activity, Fatigue and Task Effectiveness Model (SAFTE), shiftwork, circadian rhythm, sleep, fatigue management, actigraphy, operational manning requirements. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-89). Also available in print.