Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao daniela de s s bufaical 2010.pdf: 546520 bytes, checksum: 6c1b30b52d2b46ab060381d4e8c948d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a constructed wetlands planted with the vegetal species white ginger (Hedychium coronarium J. König), narrow leaf cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) and papyrus sedge (Cyperus gigantus) under three charges application of the sludge from the sewage treatment station of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, in the reduction of thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminths eggs and sludge dewatering. It also aimed to characterize the sludge and to evaluate the quality of the filtrate, and to investigate the occurrence of substances excreted by the macrophytes roots, which may help reduce pathogens. The experiment was conducted at the Goiânia sewage treatment station. To evaluate the reduction of pathogens, the sludge dewatering and the filtrate quality were used 12 plastic containers, each one with 1 m3 of volumetric capacity, filled with support media containing 5 cm of gravel number one, a geotextile blanket and 20 cm of sand. In the gravel was installed a drainage system of gases, consisting of a PVC tube with 25 mm in diameter, in an "L" format, whose horizontal portion was drilled with holes of 4 mm in diameter. The sludge was applied at application rates of 43, 140 and 248 kg TS m-2 year, bringing the rates of 20, 70 and 120 L m-2 week, respectively. The applications of sludge were divided into two times a week, half on Tuesdays and half on Fridays. After three months of application, samples were taken from the dewatered sludge every 14 days, and sent to the laboratory for solids, thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminths eggs determination. During three weeks the filtrate was collected in each container and submitted to analysis of solids and thermotolerant coliforms. To investigate the release of toxins by macrophytes roots were used four 20 L buckets containing sand as support medium. Three buckets were planted with the species of macrophytes and one wasn t planted. The buckets were irrigated with dechlorinated water for four months, keeping the water level inside the buckets at 5 cm from the substrate surface. After this period 2 L samples of effluent from each bucket were collected and sent to the laboratory to investigate the antimicrobial activity. The results were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), performing F and Tukey Kramer (5% probability) tests. About the filtrate there was no significant difference in the removal of solids and thermotolerant coliforms in the rates of 70 L m-2 week and 120 L m-2 week. At the rate of 20 L m-2 week there was no filtrated material. For the dewatered sludge there was no significant difference in the removal of thermotolerant coliforms, viable helminths eggs and solids concentration among the treatments. The total solids were lower at the application rate of 120 L m-2 week. Plant development was hampered by sludge application and at the application rate of 120 L m-2 week, the species narrow leaf cattail and papyrus sedge had died after three months of sludge aplication. The extracts found at the water in contact with the macrophytes roots didn t inhibit microbial activity. The dewatered sludge treated by the constructed wetlands attended the 375 Conama Resolution for type A sludge for viable helminthes eggs and for type B sludge for thermotolerant coliforms / Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a eficiência do sistema de tratamento do tipo leito de macrófitas plantados com as espécies vegetais lírio do brejo (Hedychium coronarium J. König), taboa (Typha angustifolia L.) e papirus (Cyperus gigantus), em três taxas de aplicação de lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Goiânia, na redução de coliformes termotolerantes e de ovos viáveis de helmintos e no desaguamento do lodo. Realizar a caracterização do lodo e avaliar a qualidade do filtrado, bem como investigar a ocorrência de liberação de substâncias excretadas pelas raízes das macrófitas, que possam auxiliar na redução dos patógenos. O experimento foi conduzido na ETE Goiânia (GO). Para avaliação da redução dos patógenos, desaguamento do lodo e avaliação do filtrado foram utilizados 12 contenedores plásticos de 1 m3 cada, preenchidos com meio suporte contendo 5 cm de brita no 1, manta geotextil e 20 cm de areia. Na brita foi instalado um sistema de drenagem de gases, constituído por um tubo de PVC de 25 mm de diâmetro, em formato de ele , cuja parte horizontal foi perfurada com furos de 4 mm de diâmetro. Na areia foram plantadas mudas das espécies vegetais, oito mudas por contenedor. Três contenedores não foram plantados, servindo de tratamento testemunha. Nos contenedores o lodo foi aplicado em taxas de 43, 140 e 248 kg ST m-2 ano, perfazendo as taxas de 20, 70 e 120 L m-2 semana, respectivamente. As aplicações do lodo foram realizadas duas vezes por semana, metade na terça-feira e metade sexta-feira. Após três meses de aplicação, foram realizadas coletas do lodo desaguado a cada 14 dias, e enviadas ao laboratório para realização das análises de sólidos totais, coliformes termotolerantes e ovos viáveis de helmintos. Durante três semanas foi coletado o filtrado de cada contenedor para realização das análises de sólidos totais e coliformes termotolerantes. Para investigação da liberação de toxinas pelas macrófitas foram utilizados quatro baldes de 20 L contendo meio suporte de areia lavada. Os baldes foram plantados com cada espécie de macrófita e um não foi plantado. As macrófitas plantadas nos baldes foram irrigadas com água sem cloro durante quatro meses, mantendo-se o nível de água a 5 cm da superfície do substrato. Após esse período foram coletados 2 L de amostra de efluente de cada balde e enviadas para o laboratório de pesquisa de produtos naturais para a realização de ensaios de investigação de atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados foram analisados pelo Statistical Analysis System (SAS), realizando-se os testes F e de Tukey Kramer, a 5% de probabilidade. No filtrado não houve diferença significativa na remoção de sólidos totais e coliformes termotolerantes nas taxas 70 L m-2 semana e 120 L m-2 semana e a taxa 20 L m-2 semana não apresentou filtrado. No lodo não houve diferença significativa na remoção de coliformes termotolerantes, ovos viáveis de helmintos e concentração de sólidos entre os tratamentos. A concentração de sólidos totais foi menor na taxa de aplicação de 120 L m-2 semana. O desenvolvimento das plantas foi prejudicado pela aplicação do lodo e na taxa 120 L m-2 semana, após 3 meses de aplicação, as espécies vegetais taboa e papirus morreram. Os extratos encontrados na água em contato com as raízes das macrófitas não inibiram a atividade microbiana. O lodo submetido ao tratamento do tipo leito de macrófitas atende à Resolução Conama 375 para o lodo tipo A para ovos viáveis de helmintos e lodo tipo B para coliformes termotolerantes.

The thesis deals with the technical and economic comparison of technologies for wastewater treatment plants 50-2000 PE based on the processing of selected data ownership and operational records (VÚME, VÚPE) for the years 2013-2015 provided by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. The first section presents an overview of the most important laws and standards of the Czech Republic for water management, describes the characteristics of municipalities to 2,000 inhabitants and operation of wastewater treatment plants up to 2000 PE.The second part evaluates the influence of different types of drainage systems on the quality of wastewater and the efficiency of wastewater treatment. Furthermore, this section deals with the influence of technical and economic comparison of the influence of sludge management concept.In the last part I work with studies and generators for calculating the cost of sludge treatment in larger WWTP, possibly for sludge dewatering and storage.

Up to date, sludge filterability has been characterized by the Ruth&rsquo / s classical filtration theory and quantified by the well-known parameter specific cake resistance (SCR). However, the complexity of the actual phenomenon is clearly underestimated by the classical filtration theory and SCR is often not satisfactory in describing filterability. Although many scientific studies were conducted for a better analysis and understanding of the filtration theory, still a practically applicable solution to replace the classical theory for a better description of filterability has not been proposed yet. In the present study, blocking filtration laws proposed by Hermans and Bred&eacute / e, dating back to 1936, which have been extensively used in the membrane literature for the analysis of fouling phenomenon and the multiphase filtration theory developed by Willis and Tosun (1980) highlighting the importance of the cake-septum interface in determining the overall filtration rate have been adopted for the analysis of filterability of sludge systems. Firstly, the inadequacy of the classical filtration theory in characterizing the filterability of real sludge systems and also the lack of the currently used methodology in simulating filtration operation was highlighted. Secondly, to better understand the effect of slurry characteristics and operational conditions on filtration, model slurries of spherical and incompressible Meliodent particles were formed. Finally, a methodology was developed with the gathered filtration data to assess the filterability of the sludge systems by both theories. The results clearly show that both approaches were superior to the classical approach in terms of characterizing the filterability of sludge systems. While blocking laws yielded a slurry specific characterization parameter to replace the commonly used SCR, the multiphase theory provided a better understanding of the physical reality of the overall process.

This diploma thesis is focused on sludge management of wastewater treatment plant. The research work contains an overview of the related legislation, outlines the problems of sludge treatment in the Czech Republic and also deals with technologies and technical solutions that are related to the processing and treatment of sewage sludge for various size categories of wastewater treatment plants. The second part is devoted to the technical and economic assessment of wastewater treatment plants in the category from 500 EO to 2 000 EO. The assessment is based on real data provided by WWTP operators and focuses on electricity consumption, investment costs and operating costs. Part of the diploma thesis is also determining the rentability of drainage equipment, and studying the convenience of using mobile or stationary drainage equipment.

Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método. / It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.

Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método. / It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.

No description available.

В работе рассматриваются проблемы размещения и обработки образующегося осадка на предприятиях водоподготовки. Проведен анализ деятельности предприятий водоподготовки как объекта негативного воздействия на окружающую среду в России и Свердловской области. В настоящее время на большинстве водопроводных станций не организовано повторное использование промывных вод и применение технологий обезвоживания осадка. Сброс таких вод приводит к загрязнению источников водоснабжения. Проблема обработки водопроводного осадка справедливо считается одной из наименее разработанных, наиболее технически сложной и дорогостоящей. В работе проведено сравнение существующих технологий обезвоживания осадка. Предложен инвестиционный проект по разработке и внедрению эффективной системы обезвоживания осадка в условиях уменьшения экологической нагрузки путем исключения сброса промывных вод в окружающую среду. Приводится технико-экономическое обоснование проекта и рассчитана его эколого-экономическая эффективность. / The paper deals with the problems of placing and processing the formed sludge at water treatment plants. The analysis of water treatment enterprises as an object of negative impact on the environment in Russia and the Sverdlovsk region has been carried out. Currently, most waterworks do not organize reuse of washing water and the use of sludge dewatering technologies. Discharge of such water leads to contamination of water supply sources. The problem of treatment of a water sediment is rightly considered one of the least developed, the most technically complex and costly. The paper compares existing sludge dewatering technologies. An investment project is proposed to develop and implement an effective sludge dewatering system in conditions of decreasing the ecological load by eliminating the discharge of wash water into the environment. The feasibility study of the project is given and its ecological and economic efficiency is calculated.