Globally, there are 2.5 billion people who do not have access to improved sanitation. One third of these people are living in India. Bad sanitation is both undignified and causes the spread of diseases like diarrhoea. It is a large challenge to handle the problematic situation with sanitation, especially in urban areas. Sustainable sanitary systems that are energy self-sufficient and do not require sewage system are needed. There are new techniques with this in mind that are under development. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the possibilities to implement a sustainable sanitary system in slum areas of Mumbai. The chosen area and existing sanitary techniques is investigated in the literature study. To understand the user requirements and their living situation, a field study is performed in slum areas of Mumbai. Interviews are held with experts from organisations working with the sanitary situation in the area to get a deeper understanding about their experiences. The sanitary situation today is not well functioning, a new way of solving the problem is needed and it has to happen soon. Through an analysis of the empirical findings, three different sanitary situations are presented. It is important that each area is investigated to identify what situation there is, before building new sanitary facilities. To achieve a more sustainable sanitation, one system for each of the three situations should be developed. Requirements for each of the situations are presented and they all have two things in common, the toilet is shared between a determined amount of people and the user has the responsibility for the maintenance. From a cross mapping between the investigated sanitary techniques and the requirements for the three situations, it is clarified what techniques that are suitable in which context. No one of the investigated techniques is a perfect match and further development is needed. One of the sanitary situations is taken further through concept development. The concepts are compared against the requirements to identify the best concept. The best concept with modifications is visualised to exemplify how it may be designed. In the comparison between the requirements and concepts, gaps in the design and issues for further development are identified. The core of this master thesis is to emphasise the importance of having a holistic approach concerning the sanitary situation. It is important that new techniques are being developed with a close connection to the users and the specific environment. By investing money in more sustainable systems, the situation for the slum residents in Mumbai can be improved and at the same time contribute to a more sustainable society.

[pt] A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o processo de mercantilização da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e suas implicações na gestão e uso dos espaços turísticos do Setor Paineiras/Corcovado do Parque Nacional da Tijuca, e seus efeitos no trabalho dos moradores de favelas do Cerro Corá e Guararapes. Admitimos como referencial teórico a concepção marxista dos campos da geografia, sociologia urbana e serviço social, segundo a qual, os setores dominantes exercem um processo de exploração econômica, bem como exclusão política, cultural e social dos outros segmentos sociais, aplicando-a aos espaços urbanos, no contexto dos parques nacionais e seus trabalhadores e, sobretudo, os que habitam em favelas, os quais são considerados espoliados pelo sistema capitalista. Adotamos como estratégia metodológica a realização de entrevistas, análises de livros, artigos e teses, bem como documentos, jornais impressos/eletrônicos e vídeos na internet. A pesquisa demostrou que o planejamento estratégico presente nas cidades brasileiras, com os papéis definidos pelo mercado empresarial, é amostra das modificações ocorridas dentro do Estado, na população urbana, nas organizações sociais e na configuração de poder em torno do direito aos espaços públicos. Estas alterações receberam consideráveis contribuições para sua consolidação como projeto político e econômico, com a inserção dos parques nacionais no circuito de promoção da imagem e negócios das cidades, sobretudo, modificando sua forma de gestão e uso a partir de concessões que antes não existiam. Demostrou, também, todo o processo que originou a mercantilização da cidade do Rio de Janeiro na gestão e uso do Setor Corcovado/Paineiras, em áreas do Parque Nacional da Tijuca e, consequentemente, suas implicações na prestação de serviços turísticos realizadas por favelados do Cerro Corá e do Guararapes, indicando a necessidade de uma releitura do papel do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação frente à sustentação de terceirizações e concessões em parques nacionais, considerando as experiências de trabalho realizadas por moradores de favelas junto a turistas como forma de resistência social à mercantilização dos espaços públicos e exclusão. / [en] This research aims to analyze the process of the commodification of the city of Rio de Janeiro and the implications on the management and the use of touristic spaces of Paineiras/Corcovado sector of Tijuca National Park. Also, the research analyses the effects on the work of the residents of Cerro Cora and Guararapes slums. This dissertation adopts the Marxist conception on the geography, urban sociology and social service fields, that understands that urban spaces, national parks, their workers and the slums residents are considered exploited by capitalism system. As methodological strategy this work carried out interviews and analyses articles, books and thesis, as well documents, news on printed newspaper and news and videos published on the internet. The research demonstrates that the cities strategical planning in Brazil has their role defined by business market and is a sample of the changes occurred inside the State management, and also on urban citizens, social organizations and on the configuration of the power of the public spaces rights. These changes received considerable contributions for their consolidation as a political and economic project with the insertion of national parks in the promotion of the image and business of the cities, by modifying their management and the public use by adopting the concessions which did not exist before. The research also demonstrates all the process that origins the commodification of the city of Rio de Janeiro on the management and use of Corcovado/Paineiras sector, in Tijuca National Park areas and the implications on the touristic services taken by slum residents. This indicates that is important to do a new reading on the role of Protected Areas National System of Brazil facing the maintenance of the outsourcing and concessions in national parks and considering the experiences and the work done by slum residents for tourists as a social resistance way of the commodification of public space and exclusion.

PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to systematically assess women’s maternal health care seeking behaviour and its determinants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. DESIGN: A quantitative and cross-sectional community based study was the selected methodology for this study. METHOD: Data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to 903 women aged 15-49 years through a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were employed to identify predictors of adequacy of antenatal care and delivery care. RESULTS: Most of the women (97.9%) visited health care facilities at least once for antenatal care follow up. About 86.5% of them had at least four visits during their last pregnancy; and only 51.1% started their first antenatal visit early. Further, only about one out of five of the antenatal care attendees received sufficient content of antenatal care services. Consequently, only about one out of ten women received overall adequate antenatal care mainly due to inadequate use of the basic components of antenatal services. Most of the women delivered in public health care institutions (76.3%) despite the general doubts about the quality of services in these facilities. Women of better socioeconomic status preferred to give birth at private health care facilities. Caesarean section delivery rate in Addis Ababa (19.1%) is higher than the maximum WHO recommended rate (15.0%); particularly among the non-slum residents (27.2%); clients of private health care facilities (41.1%); currently married women (20.6%); women with secondary (22.2%) and tertiary (33.6%) level of education; and women who belong to the highest wealth quintile (28.2%). The majority (65.8%) of the caesarean section clients were not informed about the consequences of caesarean section delivery and about 9.0% of the caesarean section births had no medical indication. CONCLUSION: Disparities in maternal health care utilisation between the socio-economic groups was evident, requiring urgent attention from policy makers and other stakeholders to enable Ethiopia to meet its millennium development goal 5. Improving the quality of antenatal care in public health facilities which are the main provider of health care services to the majority of the Ethiopian population is urgent. The increase in the rate of caesarean section beyond the World Health Organization recommended upper limit has to be taken seriously. / Health Studies / D. Litt.. et Phil. (Health Studies)

PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to systematically assess women’s maternal health care seeking behaviour and its determinants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. DESIGN: A quantitative and cross-sectional community based study was the selected methodology for this study. METHOD: Data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to 903 women aged 15-49 years through a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were employed to identify predictors of adequacy of antenatal care and delivery care. RESULTS: Most of the women (97.9%) visited health care facilities at least once for antenatal care follow up. About 86.5% of them had at least four visits during their last pregnancy; and only 51.1% started their first antenatal visit early. Further, only about one out of five of the antenatal care attendees received sufficient content of antenatal care services. Consequently, only about one out of ten women received overall adequate antenatal care mainly due to inadequate use of the basic components of antenatal services. Most of the women delivered in public health care institutions (76.3%) despite the general doubts about the quality of services in these facilities. Women of better socioeconomic status preferred to give birth at private health care facilities. Caesarean section delivery rate in Addis Ababa (19.1%) is higher than the maximum WHO recommended rate (15.0%); particularly among the non-slum residents (27.2%); clients of private health care facilities (41.1%); currently married women (20.6%); women with secondary (22.2%) and tertiary (33.6%) level of education; and women who belong to the highest wealth quintile (28.2%). The majority (65.8%) of the caesarean section clients were not informed about the consequences of caesarean section delivery and about 9.0% of the caesarean section births had no medical indication. CONCLUSION: Disparities in maternal health care utilisation between the socio-economic groups was evident, requiring urgent attention from policy makers and other stakeholders to enable Ethiopia to meet its millennium development goal 5. Improving the quality of antenatal care in public health facilities which are the main provider of health care services to the majority of the Ethiopian population is urgent. The increase in the rate of caesarean section beyond the World Health Organization recommended upper limit has to be taken seriously. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)