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A pesquisa é focada na aplicação de métodos indiretos de exploração mineral no planejamento de lavra em mineração de pequena escala (MPE). O objetivo é demonstrar o potencial de contribuição dos métodos geofísicos no planejamento de lavra. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia para seleção e aplicação de métodos geofísicos e foram realizados experimentos conduzidos em três depósitos minerais, um de ouro, um de manganês e um de calcário, em que os métodos geofísicos testados apresentaram contribuições efetivas para o planejamento de lavra na MPE. Nos três experimentos realizados, foram utilizados métodos geofísicos de eletrorresistividade e de polarização induzida, com técnicas de sondagem elétrica vertical e de caminhamento elétrico, para identificar as estruturas geológicas de interesse. Esses métodos permitem, de maneira geral, determinar a profundidade e a espessura da camada de solo e das estruturas geológicas de interesse no horizonte investigado. Os resultados da aplicação dos métodos geofísicos comprovaram que as informações geofísicas permitem acelerar o processo de tomada de decisão no planejamento de lavra, pois reduzem o tempo e os custos associados à pesquisa mineral e à modelagem geológica utilizada no planejamento de lavra da MPE. / This research focus on the application of indirect methods of mineral exploration to support decision-making during mine planning of small-scale mines. The objective is to demonstrate the potential contribution of the introduction of geophysical methods to the mine planning cycle. A new methodology is proposed for selecting and applying geophysical methods in small-scale deposits in order, to test its impact in the mine planning process. The methodology has been applied to three small-scale deposits of gold, of limestone and of manganese ore. The selected geophysical methods were electro-resistivity and induced polarization, with vertical electrical sounding and electric mapping techniques in order to identify the geological structures of interest. In general, the selected methods allowed the gathering of quick and precise information of the depth and the thickness of the geological structures within the investigated horizons. The results obtained in the experiments have proven that the incorporation of geophysical methods allow for faster decision-making in the mine planning process of small-scale mines because they reduce the time and the costs associated to the acquisition of geological information in small-scale mining.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, 2009. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-26T14:01:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) / Rejected by Sabrina Andrade(sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br), reason: on 2012-07-03T21:53:04Z (GMT) / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-03T22:27:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-28T18:09:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-28T18:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A pesca do siri é uma das principais adaptações da pesca artesanal no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. A pesca artesanal no estuário tornou-se uma atividade não sustentável a partir da década de 80 do século passado com o colapso dos estoques pesqueiros mais explorados, tornando esta atividade mais vulnerável à variabilidade climática. Os principais objetivos desta pesquisa foram: descrever a pesca do siri e analisar a importância sócio-econômica desta atividade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pescadores artesanais e analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Embora o siri tenha sido uma fonte de alimentação dos indígenas Umbus, somente na década de 80 do século passado este se tornou importante economicamente para os pescadores artesanais. O siri é rejeito de pesca de quase todas as artes, seja da pescaria de malha, de arrasto ou de saquinho. Na porção mais ao sul do estuário a pesca do siri esta mais relacionada à captura do e ao norte à pesca de peixes. Em anos desfavoráveis à produção de camarão no estuário o siri é um recurso importante para a economia familiar dos pescadores, devido a maior tolerância à variabilidade da salinidade do estuário. No entanto o siri é vulnerável às variações físicas e químicas da água no período de reprodução, o que força a migração para a boca da barra, onde ocorre a pesca predatória. Outra pratica predatória é a realizada na primavera, com rede de arrasto, impactando o estoque de siri no período em que está copulando e o estoque de camarão que está se desenvolvendo no estuário. Para concluir, a pesca do siri é uma importante adaptação das comunidades pesqueiras, principalmente entre os pescadores que possuem pequena infra-estrutura, tal citação também evidencia que a pesca do siri é rentável quando exercida juntamente com outra espécie ou pescado com equipamentos rudimentares. Assim constituindo recurso fundamental para a existência da pesca artesanal no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. / Fishing for crab is one of the main adaptations of artisan fisheries in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon. The artisan fishing in the estuary has become an unsustainable activity from the 80´s of last century with the collapse of fish stocks exploited more, become this activity more vulnerable to climate variability. The objectives of this research are: to describe fishing for crab and analyze the socio-economic importance of this activity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with fishermen and analyzed by the technique of content analysis. Although the crab has been a source of food for indigenous Umbus, only in the 80s of last century it has become economically important. The crab is fishing reject almost all of the gear, both the fisheries the mesh, trawl or bag. Estuary in south the fishing for crab is more related to the capture of shrimp, while further north is related to capture of fish. In bad years the production of shrimp in the estuary crab is an important resource for the subsistence of the families of fishermen, because of greater tolerance to variability of salinity of the estuary. But the crab is vulnerable to physical and chemical changes of water during the breeding season, what the force migrate to the channel (Boca da Barra), which is predatory fishing. Another predatory practice is held in spring, with the trawl, impacting the stock of crab in the period that is to copulate and shrimp stock that is developing in the estuary. Finally, the fishing for crab is an important adaptation of fishing communities, especially for fishermen who have fishing equipment more rudimentary, this quote also evidence that the crab fishery is profitable when carried out together with other species or fish with rudimentary equipment. Therefore constitute resource for the existence of the artisan fisheries in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / In the Western Cape, snoek (Thyrsites atun) is a target for small scale fisheries. This fishery is comprised of recreational, subsistence and traditional line fisheries in the province. Snoek contributes 40% to 50% of the line fish which is landed. This thesis sought to identify the roles which are performed by informal snoek traders in certain Cape Town coloured1 townships in the snoek value chain. There are various aspects of this fish which heightens its importance in the Western Cape. Snoek is significant in the provision of food security for many poor and working class individuals and households within the coloured townships of Cape Town. Snoek is an omega 3-rich fish and is one of the Cape’s most well-known gastronomic traditions. It provides affordable and easily absorbable proteins, vitamins and minerals for township people. Poor people mostly rely on starches and fail to afford the most expensive protein sources like red meat. The snoek trade also helps in the creation of jobs and enables people to earn cash income. The study revealed that there is specialisation and division of labour between snoek traders and fishers. Snoek is sold via the auction system at the various landing zones scattered all over the Western Cape. It was observed that the snoek value chain is dominated by men and there are few women in the value chain who sell or clean snoek. Informal snoek traders ply their business next to shops or on the sides of busy roads using ‘bakkies’2 from where the fish is flayed and sold to the waiting customer to emphasise its freshness. Snoek traders create convenience by bringing fresh fish to customers in the townships. They also assume risks which come with venturing in business. Some snoek traders engage in multiple livelihood strategies by diversifying income generating activities rather than relying on one income source. Among the several challenges which snoek traders confront, one pressing challenge they need to address is their lack of organisation which prohibits them from speaking with one voice. The snoek value chain should be more efficient so that it keeps supplying the much needed nutrients in the townships. Both primary and secondary data collection techniques were used. Snoek traders face a myriad of challenges which require the authorities to address. They have no access to infrastructure with sanitary facilities. The other problem they face is that they are disorganised amongst themselves which weaken their cause. Traders and fishers would like to see the real transformation taking place within this snoek fishery. Traders are convinced that there is corruption within the fisheries department and many have lost faith in the system.

The sustainable use of Dambos for crop production using a technological package is presented. Dambos which are known as vleis in South Africa and Zimbabwe, fadamas in West Africa and mbugas in East Africa are identified as potential environments and key-resource areas for alleviating poverty and hunger in arid and semi-arid areas where drought occurrences are characteristic and limit upland crop production. Dambos present themselves as environments with soil moisture potential and high water tables ranging from 50 - 100 cm below the ground surface for most part of the year. Particular difficulties arise in abstracting this water for use to irrigate crops in Dambos. Most small-scale farmers use a rope and a bucket to draw water from hand dug wells. These methods are labour intensive and thus limited lands are cultivated by small-scale farmers. This study has identified, modified and introduced a treadle pump as a technology for lifting water from shallow water tables such as in Dambos. The treadle pump also lifts water from rivers, swamps, wells and dams within a suction lift of 0-8 m to the intended place of use i.e. vegetable garden, domestic application, livestock watering and in construction. The study has further investigated and introduced the clay pot as a water saving device. The clay pot sub-surface irrigation technology saves between 50 and 70 % of water as compared to conventional watering can and bucket systems. This technology can combine well with the treadle pump by using the latter to refill water in the former, thus making it easy to fill the system once the water is depleted. The use of the treadle pump has demonstrated its impact on the society in many ways. Firstly: the small-scale farmer is now able to increase the size of his/her garden from 0.1 ha irrigating using watering cans/buckets to between 0.25 ha and 0.5 ha using the treadle pump. With this innovative way of irrigating, farmers have thus been able to diversify cropping. Secondly: farmers have been able to increase household income from a meager US$125 without a treadle pump to US$850 and US$1700 on a 0.25 ha piece of land with a treadle pump on a 300% cropping intensity (growing crops three times a year). This has helped the country reduce on imported vegetables and thus save the much needed foreign exchange. Thirdly: the technology has contributed to employment creation, notably from the manufacturing point of view where artisans are employed to make the pump and carpenters to make the wooden parts. On the output side for buyers (merchants/hawkers) and transport contractors who trade and transport the produce. The study essentially alludes to the great impact the treadle pump has made by noting the brand naming of the pump as 'Chova pump' by the small-scale farmers. Chova is a local name, which means to boost one's income or to pedal signifying the manner in which the pump is operated. Dambos, cover about 3.6 million hectares of land in Zambia and are suitable environments for application of the treadle pump. The potentials and limitations of Dambos are highlighted and the impact of their use using treadle pumps elucidated. Marketing of Dambo produce is discussed with respect to the adoption of the technology. The study notes that Dambos are highly accessible with no land tenure limitations. Thus the more than 800,000 small-scale farmers in Zambia have an opportunity to utilize Dambos for crop production and help reduce poverty and food insecurity at household level. / Dissertation (PhD(Land Use Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Small-scale sugar-cane farming came to Mpumalanga Province in the 1990s. As result of the Nkomazi Irrigation Expansion Programme, 34 projects with farms of on average size of seven hectares were initially allocated by Government to potential farmers in rural areas. This was done to enable them to generate income from sugar-cane to support their families. The initial expectations for the success of the programme were high, but they did not realise as anticipated. The yield results for the first decade of the 21st millennium showed a declining trend. Over the same period the large-scale sugar-cane growers (LSGs) performed better. This added impetus to the on-going debate on the relationship between farm size and efficiency in South Africa. It also raised the question whether small-scale farming has a future. Four hypotheses were formulated and tested with regard to the Mpumalanga sugar-cane growers’ land productivity. Regression analysis on land productivity, stakeholders’ inputs, production budget analysis and macro-economic analysis, by applying the Social Accounting Matrix of Mpumalanga, were used to address the hypotheses. The first hypothesis states: ‘There exits an inverse relationship between farm size and land productivity amongst sugar-cane growers in Mpumalanga.’ It was rejected but qualifications were added. For the sugar-cane cultivated until farm size groups of 4 000 ha in the 2009 season, there was a direct relationship between farm size and land productivity which was highly significant. If this study only focussed on farm sizes up to 7 ha, the hypothesis would have been accepted as there was a high significance of an inverse relationship of the small-scale growers (SSGs) until 7 ha. Despite the inverse relationship of certain larger farm size groups, of which regression analysis suggested no evidence of such a relationship, the LSGs average yield was still approximately 25 t/ha higher than SSGs yield of about 64 t/ha. The second hypothesis, namely, that land productivity has declined amongst SSGs and not so amongst LSGs, was tested by observing partial productivity over different time periods. The LSGs had a negative growth rate during 2001–2005 but showed positive growth during 2005–2009. The whole period of 2001–2009 showed marginal positive growth for the LSG while the SSGs growth rate declined by 4.6%. For the SSGs the land productivity was about 20 t/ha lower compared to the LSGs, at the data points, 2002, 2007 and 2011, as well as over the period 2002–2011. This confirmed the second hypothesis. The third hypothesis, namely that the performance of SSGs in the 2009 season indicated financial sustainability, was evaluated by means of production cost analyses for SSG farm size groups, individual farmers and a breakeven point scenario. If the net farm income (NFI) per hectare was the only consideration to measure financial feasibility, the hypothesis would have been accepted. The analyses however showed that the SSGs had much difficulty to cover their living costs from a farm of less than 6.29 ha, resulting in a rejection of the hypothesis. Testing of the fourth hypothesis, namely that SSGs are an important and essential part of the Mpumalanga economy, and make a critical economic contribution to the region, revealed that SSGs’ direct contribution in terms of agricultural production represents 20% of the involvement in the sugar-cane industry and 0.03% of the economy of Mpumalanga Province. Its economic contribution consisted of about R110 million of total GDP, about 2 800 total employment opportunities, and income distribution to households of almost R50 million. The fourth hypothesis can be rejected when considering the magnitude of the SSGs’ production only constitutes 0.03% of the total economy of Mpumalanga. However, to assess the real importance of the SSGs, other factors besides production magnitude should also be considered. A major contribution of the SSG sector is the amount of labour opportunities they offer. If this is taken into account, there is reason enough to accept the hypothesis. When the focus shifts from Mpumalanga as a whole to the Nkomazi region, the contribution of the SSGs is substantial. It is therefore possible to confirm the hypothesis, especially due to the contribution to the Nkomazi region. This study found that SSGs on the whole did not perform as well as LSGs. It however found that some of the SSGs performed sufficiently, and have potential for a sustainable future. Continued support from institutions such as local, provincial and national government, Tsb Sugar, the Cane Growers’ Association and Akwandze Agricultural Finance will remain indispensable. With such aid it can be anticipated that the SSGs contribution to society will continue and should be with co-operative ventures as implemented at the irrigation project, Langeloop II, assist the SSGs in being more financially sustainable and providing an even greater economic contribution. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

In the context of development in marginalised communities in South Africa (and other Third World countries), the thesis project suggests an interim phase of development – between the immediate needs of the marginalised community and the implementation of urban development frameworks. The interim phase has both spatial and temporal implications – it is development at a smaller scale (i.e. site specific) and due to its small scale and subsequent smaller impact on its surroundings, it can be implemented in a shorter period of time. The phase thus fills the spatial and temporal gap for development in Marabastad. The design is one such attempt at starting to fill the gap. It entails the design of a space that functions mainly as a market, which many commuters in Marabastad use as a thoroughfare and as a place to eat and rest. Basic market infrastructure is provided in the form of improved floor surfaces, trees, water and electricity, ablution facilities, storage, shelter and structure. Apart from serving the physical needs of the users of the site, the space should elicit a sense of ownership with its own implied advantages. The market and the accompanying facilities provided in the design are a direct response to the current activities and problems on the site. The implementation of similar projects across Marabastad, each addressing site specific issues, could ultimately lead to the whole of Marabastad being rejuvenated. / Dissertation (ML (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Architecture / unrestricted

Orientador: Cristiana Simão Seixas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_LucianaGomesde1970-_D.pdf: 2786103 bytes, checksum: dc55f738a90ecb9389fdab07cece72e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo :Esta tese trata da análise institucional da pesca artesanal de Paraty, baseada na abordagem da cogestão de recursos naturais de uso comum. Os objetivos da tese incluem: (i) análise da legislação que influencia a pesca artesanal em Paraty; (ii) análise de stakeholders da pesca artesanal de Paraty com enfoque nas interações entre governo e pescadores, oportunidades de parcerias e relações de poder; (iii) análise da proposta de implantação dos Acordos de Pesca da Baía da Ilha Grande, com base em fatores que orientam sistemas de cogestão e; (iv) avaliação da participação de pescadores e representantes de organizações comunitárias de Trindade em dois Conselhos Consultivos de Áreas Protegidas em Paraty. Os resultados mostram que o sistema institucional que influencia a gestão da pesca é complexo, incluindo legislações de pesca, de Unidades de Conservação e de populações tradicionais. Esse sistema inclui espaços institucionalizados que permitem a construção de diálogos para a gestão colaborativa da pesca, como os Conselhos Gestores de Unidades de Conservação. A atual gestão da pesca artesanal está baseada em um sistema centralizado por stakeholders do governo federal ¿ MPA, ICMBio e IBAMA. As arenas socias da pesca são protagonizadas por esses stakeholders e pescadores, que têm pouco poder de influência sobre a gestão. As parcerias e lideranças existentes estão representadas por organizações não governamentais e pelo poder legislativo municipal, no entanto há a necessidade de desenvolvimento de organizações-ponte e redes de trabalho. A proposição dos Acordos de Pesca da Baía da Ilha Grande não teve continuidade após 2012, mas deixou lições como o desafio de envolver os pescadores, a criação de arenas deliberativas para a pesca e o planejamento de processos de cogestão a longo prazo. Os Conselhos Gestores de Unidades de Conservação são importantes espaços de negociação do tema da pesca, mas com inúmeros desafios à participação efetiva das representações da pesca e das comunidades tradicionais, em tomada de decisões. O desenvolvimento de processos mais participativos na gestão da pesca de Paraty requer que os direitos de acesso aos territórios de pesca pelos pescadores artesanais sejam claramente definidos e garantidos por instituições formais. Diversas ações são necessárias para transformar o atual modelo centralizado de gestão da pesca em processos colaborativos de gestão, entre elas o apoio e compromisso das agências do governo (municipal, estadual e federal) envolvidas com a pesca, a capacitação para a cogestão e o fortalecimento de lideranças e organizações locais que representam os interesses da pesca artesanal. / Abstract: This thesis is about the institutional analysis of small scale fisheries in Paraty, based on commons co-management approach. The objectives of the thesis include the analysis of: (i) the legislation concerning small scale fisheries; (ii) stakeholders, focusing on the interactions between government and fishers, partnerships opportunities and power relations; (iii) the implementation of the Fishing Agreements of Ilha Grande Bay, based on factors that guide co-management systems and; (iv) the participation of fishers and community-based organizations representatives in two Advisory Councils of Protected Areas. Results show that the institutional system which influences fisheries management is complex, including institutions regarding fisheries, protected areas and traditional people. This system includes institutionalized arenas which allow negotiations for collaborative management, such as the Advisory Councils of Protected Areas. The current management of small scale fisheries is centralized by federal government represented by the Fisheries Ministry and the two federal Environmental Agencies ¿ ICMBio and IBAMA. The existing partnerships and leaderships are represented by non-governmental organizations and by the municipal legislative power, however, there is a need for the development of bridging organizations and networks. The proposition of the Fishing Agreements of Ilha Grande Bay did not have a continuation after 2012, but has left lessons such as the challenge for fishers¿ involvement, the establishment of deliberative arenas and the planning of co-management processes in the long run. The Advisory Councils of Protected Areas are important arenas for fisheries negotiation, although they are faced by many challenges to achieve the effective participation of fisheries representatives and traditional communities in decision making. The development of more participative processes linked to fisheries management in Paraty requires that the rights to fishing territories by the artisanal fishers are clearly defined and guaranteed by formal institutions. Several actions will be necessary to transform the current centralized management system in collaborative management processes, among which the support and commitment of the governmental agencies (municipal, state and federal) related to fisheries, capacity building for co-management and strengthening of local leaderships and organizations which represent the interests of small scale fisheries / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutora em Ambiente e Sociedade

Agriculture revenue contributions to Ghana's gross domestic product have declined because of limited farm funding, which has constrained some smallholder rice farmers access credit to acquire necessary inputs, and to secure a stable market for their harvests. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore successful strategies some smallholder rice farmers in the Afadzato South District of Ghana used in obtaining farm funding. Data collection included semistructured, face-to-face interviews with 9 smallholder rice farmers who successfully obtained farm funding. Previous research, reports, and policies of the Ghana Ministry of Food and Agriculture served as additional data collection sources. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and resulted in three major themes: the smallholder farmer's strategy of belonging to cooperative association membership, the smallholder farmer's strategy for satisfying lender collateral requirements, and smallholder farmer's strategies for developing a repayment rating history. The implications for positive social change include the potential to guide the smallholder farmers to successful strategies to access farm funding for their farming activities and increase their farm sizes. The increase in farm sizes may result in more rice production that can help mitigate hunger and reduce poverty in the Afadzato South District of Ghana.

MRDV / Institute for Rural Development