"A series of full-scale fire tests were performed, using a fire compartment and an adjoining long (30+ m) corridor, as part of an effort to quantify the dynamics associated with smoke transport within a corridor. The tests were performed at the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center’s Fire and Safety Test Detachment in Mobile, Alabama on board the Test Vessel Mayo Lykes. The resulting empirical data was analyzed in an effort to develop a method that could be used to estimate the movement of smoke within a corridor. The objective is to potentially incorporate this method into a smoke movement analysis “tool” that could, in turn, be used in conjunction with a fire safety analysis methodology previously developed by the U.S. Coast Guard; the Ship fire Safety Engineering Methodology (SFSEM). The goal is to develop a smoke movement analysis “module” that can be utilized in conjunction with the SFSEM when conducting an overall fire safety analysis of a ship. Of particular interest is the speed at which the smoke propagates along the length of the corridor. The focus of a smoke movement module would be life safety. A conservative assumption is made that if smoke is present in sufficient quantities to fill a corridor, then the corridor is to be considered untenable and not available as a means of egress. No attempt is made to address toxicity or density issues associated with smoke. This analysis developed correlations for the corridor smoke velocity, both as a function of the heat release rate of the associated fire and the upper layer temperatures within the fire compartment. Problems associated with the data collection and the narrow range of fire sizes used had a detrimental impact on the confidence level in the correlation based on heat release rate. The data do appear to confirm the results of previous efforts that indicated a weak relationship between the heat release rate and smoke velocity, on the order of the one-third to one-fourth power. The temperature data tended to be less problematic. This correlation shows promise for potential use with both the SFSEM and other existing computer models/routines. However, unlike previous studies of this relationship, the results of these data suggest that the velocity-temperature relationship is linear and not a square-root function. The test data were compared to predictive results using the CORRIDOR routine within FPETOOL. In general, the CORRIDOR results provided a reasonable good correlation to the tests data. Both the wave depth and temperature loss within the wave, as a function of distance, were consistently over-predicted. The velocity results were mixed, but were generally within 20 percent of the test data. The results of this study show promise, with respect to developing a correlation that can be used a method for predicting smoke movement in a corridor. However, due to the questionable nature of some of the data estimates, coupled with both a lack of sufficient number of tests and a limited range of fire sizes used, additional test data will be required to further validate the accuracy and refine the correlation(s) suggested by this work."

<p>Flertalet studier har påvisat ett samband mellan koncentrationen av partiklar ≤ 10µm i luftföroreningar och cardiovaskulär- och pulmonell morbiditet och mortalitet. Vid resektion, koagulering/bränning med diatermipenna under operationer alstras rök. Denna rök innehåller bland annat mutagena och carcinogena partiklar i inhalerbar storlek (partiklar ≤ 10µm).</p><p>Ett första syfte med denna studie var att kvantifiera den mängd ultra-fina partiklar (UFP) och partiklar ≤ 10µm som operationspersonal exponeras för i operationsrummet, vid användande av diatermi med mobilt rökutsug. Ett andra syfte var också att ta reda på om operations-personal exponeras olika mycket beroende på var i rummet de befinner sig, samt undersöka om partikelnivåerna skiljer sig på olika operationssalar. Partikelmätningar utfördes under 14 ortopediska operationer där diatermi med rökutsug använts.</p><p>Medelvärdena av UFP visar på relativt låga partikelkoncentrationer på höftprotes- och ryggoperationer, med mycket korta stunder av höga värden upp till ett maxvärde på 88 396pt/ml vid operationsområdet. Även partiklar i storleken 1-10µm låg inom låga nivåer och under gränsvärdena vid jämförelse med organisk damm. Resultaten i studien indikerar att personal som står vid operationssåret exponeras av högre partikelkoncentrationer av ultra-fina partiklar och partiklar 1-10µm än övrig personal, även vid användande av mobilt rökutsug. Vid jämförelse av partikelnivåer av ultra-fina partiklar på två olika operationssalar framkom det att på den sal med lägst antal luftväxlingar i operationsrummet, var partikelkoncentrationen signifikant högre.</p>

ABSTRACT Background: Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This results in recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Although the causes of asthma are poorly understood, genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development and exacerbation of the disease. Among environmental risk factors, cigarette smoke is a well-known risk factor to trigger asthma symptoms. Exposure to secondhand smoke irritates the airways and may trigger an attack in adults with asthma. Smoke-free laws and regulations in the United States differ by state. The enforcement of smoke-free legislation has been related to asthma rates as it has been shown that they lead to a sustained drop in emergency hospital admission for asthma among adults. These laws and regulations are also necessary in reducing smoking rate and secondhand smoke exposure. Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the association between tobacco smoke rates and asthma status among adults at the national and state levels and to evaluate the effects of state smoke-free laws and regulations on tobacco smoking rate among adults with asthma. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2009–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data was used for the analyses. SAS-callable SUDAAN (version 10.0.0, RTI International, NC) was utilized to account for the complex sampling design of the BRFSS, and sample weights were used to produce estimates that were generalizable to the state and U.S. adult population. In addition to calculating descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to test for group differences and association between variables of interest. State level smoking rates were ranked to identify states that are in the lower and upper 20th percentiles and compare them with states’ smoke-free laws and regulation status. Results were considered significantly different if 95% confidence intervals (CIs) did not overlap or if statistical testing at p<0.05 was applicable. Results: Asthma prevalence rates are higher among adults that smoke cigarettes (10.5%, [aPR] =1.2) compared to non-smokers (7.8%, [aPR] =1.0). Of the 869,519 adult respondents in the survey, 8.5% reported having asthma. Nearly one-fifth (17.2%) of adults without asthma smoked cigarettes, while (21.7 %) of adults with asthma smoked. Females (10.5%) had higher asthma prevalence rates than males (6.4%). Black persons (10.0%), persons of American Indian (13.0%) descent had higher, and those of Hispanic (6.7%) descent had lower asthma rates than white persons (8.6%). Adults with a high school education or less (9.1%) had higher asthma rates than those with an education level that was equivalent to a 4 year college or more (7.3%) , and those with low income (<$15,000) had higher rates (13.3%) than those with high income (6.8%). Percentage of male (23.4%) and females (20.7%) with asthma who smoke are higher than those that do not smoke (19.3% and 15.1%, respectively). Asthma prevalence rates and smoking rates vary by geographic location. Smoking rates among adults with asthma was highest in the South (LA, AL, SC, TN, OK, MS, AR, WV, KY) and a couple of Midwest states (OH, IN,). Evaluating the association between the 2008 State of Tobacco Control Report and smoking rate among adults with asthma by state showed a statistically significant relationship between smoking rate among adults with asthma and smoke-free policy and regulation at the state and national level. On average, states with the lowest smoking rate among persons with asthma (smoking rates less than 20th percentile) had significantly higher smoke-free policy grades (mean grade [sd]=7.2 [1.99]) than states with a high smoking rate (smoking rate of 80th percentile or more) (mean grade [sd]=2.0 [2.00]) (p-value < 0.00001). Conclusion: Although most U.S. state smoke-free policies and regulations are relatively new, it is evident that these laws are effective in promoting cessation among adults and reducing nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke. The study found that smoke-free laws may improve health by lowering asthma prevalence and smoking rates among adult smokers. Also, these policies in turn protect non-smokers from the harmful health effects of secondhand smoke.

Flertalet studier har påvisat ett samband mellan koncentrationen av partiklar ≤ 10µm i luftföroreningar och cardiovaskulär- och pulmonell morbiditet och mortalitet. Vid resektion, koagulering/bränning med diatermipenna under operationer alstras rök. Denna rök innehåller bland annat mutagena och carcinogena partiklar i inhalerbar storlek (partiklar ≤ 10µm). Ett första syfte med denna studie var att kvantifiera den mängd ultra-fina partiklar (UFP) och partiklar ≤ 10µm som operationspersonal exponeras för i operationsrummet, vid användande av diatermi med mobilt rökutsug. Ett andra syfte var också att ta reda på om operations-personal exponeras olika mycket beroende på var i rummet de befinner sig, samt undersöka om partikelnivåerna skiljer sig på olika operationssalar. Partikelmätningar utfördes under 14 ortopediska operationer där diatermi med rökutsug använts. Medelvärdena av UFP visar på relativt låga partikelkoncentrationer på höftprotes- och ryggoperationer, med mycket korta stunder av höga värden upp till ett maxvärde på 88 396pt/ml vid operationsområdet. Även partiklar i storleken 1-10µm låg inom låga nivåer och under gränsvärdena vid jämförelse med organisk damm. Resultaten i studien indikerar att personal som står vid operationssåret exponeras av högre partikelkoncentrationer av ultra-fina partiklar och partiklar 1-10µm än övrig personal, även vid användande av mobilt rökutsug. Vid jämförelse av partikelnivåer av ultra-fina partiklar på två olika operationssalar framkom det att på den sal med lägst antal luftväxlingar i operationsrummet, var partikelkoncentrationen signifikant högre.

In recent year, there were many fire accidents in MRT and subway station,due to faolure in smoke control system and emergency operation strategies. The goal of this project is to use two sofeware¡XFDS and Star-CD to simulate the fire in MRT station and predict the height of smoke layer and its descending rate .The comparison of the two indicated sucessful result can be obtained with deviations within engineering tolerance..

No description available.

This report describes an investigation into the prediction of the activation times of domestic ionisation and photoelectric smoke detectors within a two storey dwelling, the work undertaken being an extension to that previously presented by Brammer (2002). Three fire scenarios are considered, each having been a real test fire undertaken at the Building Research Establishment in Cardington. These three fire scenarios all involved the flaming combustion of an upholstered armchair within the lounge on the Ground floor. During the experiments various results were recorded, including temperatures, optical densities and smoke detector activation times. The fire scenarios where modelled using FDS, Version 5. Base parameters regarding the fuel load where defined to be 0.05kgsoot/kgfuel and 20MJ/kg. Consideration was also given to the effect varying the effective heat of combustion and defined soot yield would have on derived smoke detector activation times. Additional simulations where thus run considering soot yields of 0.04kgsoot/kgfuel and 0.10ksoot/kgfuel, and an effective heat of combustion of 25MJ/kg. Three prediction methods where applied to the results of the FDS simulations for derivation of the activation times of smoke detectors located throughout the house. These methods where the temperature correlation method, Heskestad’s method, and Cleary’s method. The temperature correlation method considered activation criterions of 4°C, 13°C and 20°C above ambient. The Heskestad and Cleary methods were found to derive comparable activation times for each detector location. None of the prediction algorithms where however found to predict activation times consistently comparable to the test data. Rather, it was determined that for an appropriate prediction method to be adopted for accurate assessment of a given fire scenario, consideration must be given to the: • type of detector being assessed; • location of the detector relative to the fire; • mode of combustion (i.e. flaming or smouldering); and the • growth rate of the fire.

We developed a fully-coupled meso-scale model WRF-Chem-SMOKE by incorporating a selection of smoke emission models and improving the representations of aerosol-cloud interactions in the microphysics scheme. We find that the difference in smoke emissions between different datasets, even in one fire cluster, could lead to significant discrepancies in modeled AODs. The integrated smoke emission dataset improves the prediction of modeled AODs. We find that the modeled cloud properties and precipitation are extremely sensitive to the smoke loadings. Higher smoke loadings suppress precipitation initially, because of smoke-induced reduction of the collision-coalescence and riming processes, but ultimately cause an invigoration of precipitation.

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-146). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 107 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-107).