Astragalus oniciformis Barneby is a xerophyte of the sagebrush deserts of central Idaho. It is a narrow endemic of the upper Snake River Plains where it inhabits stabilized, aeolian sand deposits over Quaternary basalt flows. The objective of this study was to determine the levels and distribution of genetic differentiation within and among populations of Astragalus oniciformis. Fifteen individuals from each of eight populations, chosen from throughout the range of the species, were selected for their accessibility, density of individuals, and large population size. Two disjunct eastern populations selected for this study have been separated from the continuous western populations for 3600 years by an eight-mile wide, inhospitable lava flow. Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) were chosen as the marker to assess genetic differentiation. Two primers were selected that yielded 40 loci, all of which were polymorphic in A. oniciformis. In an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 88.69 percent of the variation was significantly attributed to variation within populations. The differentiation between the two disjunct populations and the western populations was insignificant. High gene flow (Nm=3.91-3.93) and a low percent deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to population subdivision (G[subscript st]=0.113-0.1134) were found among populations of A. oniciformis. These results suggest that current threats to this species, ranging from plant community changes due to changing fire patterns, habitat alteration from livestock grazing, and habitat loss from agricultural development have not yet affected the genetic diversity of this species. Preservation of the numerous, large populations and the high gene flow will help insure that the levels of genetic diversity found in Astragalus oniciformis will not decrease. / Graduation date: 2002

xviii, 326 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT GN799 .F6 H46 2002 / Archaeological evidence indicates that cold storage of bison meat was consistently practiced on the eastern Snake River Plain over the last 8000 years. Recent excavations in three cold lava tube caves have revealed a distinctive artifact assemblage of elk antler tines, broken handstones, and bison bone in association with frozen sagebrush features. Similar evidence has also been discovered in four other caves within the region. A patch choice model was utilized in this study to address how the long-term practice of caching bison meat in cold caves may have functioned in prehistoric subsistence patterns. Because the net return rate for bison was critical to the model, the hunting success of fur trappers occupying the eastern Snake River Plain during the early 1800s, as recorded in their daily journals, was examined and quantified. According to the model, the productivity of cold storage caves must be evaluated against the productivity of other patches on the eastern Snake River Plain, such as ephemeral ponds and linear river corridors from season to season and year to year. The model suggests that residential bases occurred only within river resource patches while ephemeral ponds and ice caves would contain sites indicative of seasonal base camps. The predictions of the model were tested against documented archaeological data from the Snake River Plain through the examination of Geographic Information Systems data provided by the Idaho Bureau of Land Management. The results of this analysis indicate that seasonal base camps are directly associated with both ephemeral and perennial water sources, providing strong support for the model's predictions. Likewise, the temporal distribution of sites within the study area indicates that climate change over the last 8000 years was not dramatic enough to alter long-term subsistence practices in the region. The long-term use of multiple resource patches across the region also confirms that, although the high return rates for bison made them very desirable prey, the over-all diet breadth for the eastern Snake River Plain was broad and included a variety of large and small game and plant foods. Bison and cold storage caves were a single component in a highly mobile seasonal round that persisted for some 8000 years, down to the time of written history in the 19th Century. / Committee in charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Chair; Dr. Lawrence Sugiyama ; Dr. Jon Erlandson ; Dr. Dennis Jenkins ; Dr. Cathy Whitlock ;

Rhyolites of the Picabo volcanic field (10.4-6.6 Ma) of the Yellowstone hotspot in eastern Idaho are preserved as thick ignimbrites and lavas along the margins of the Snake River Plain. This study presents new O and Hf isotope data and U-Pb geochronology from individual zircons, O isotope data from major phenocrysts, whole rock Sr and Nd isotope data, whole rock geochemistry, and trace element and volatile analyses of quartz-hosted melt inclusions, which were used to characterize the evolution of rhyolite generation through the eruptive sequence. The chemical composition of the first eruption of the caldera complex, the Tuff of Arbon Valley, suggests magma generation through repeated magma injection into the crust, remelting, crystallization, mixing, and crustal assimilation. Subsequent eruptions have diverse and low δ18O signatures indicating rhyolite generation through the remelting of variably hydrothermally altered volcanics, followed by rapid batch assembly. This thesis includes co-authored material previously published.

The work in this thesis was based on analyzing water samples collected from three exploratory boreholes drilled during Project Hotspot. The water samples were analyzed for their chemical properties. The chemical properties of the water samples were used as a basis for further analysis.Geophysical logs, mainly temperature logs, were also analyzed for this project. Temperature logs measure temperature in relation to depth within a borehole.All the analyses were made in order to estimate the geothermal potential of the project areas. The exploratory boreholes were all drilled in different areas and each had unique characteristics. The Mountain Home borehole provided the most promising evidence for future geothermal potential. Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy and potential production areas are difficult and expensive to locate.

The Snake River Plain is located in the southern part of the state of Idaho. The eastern plain, on which this study focuses, is a trail of volcanics from the Yellowstone hotspot. Three exploratory geothermal wells were drilled on the Snake River Plain. This project analyzes basaltic core from the first well at Kimama, north of Burley, Idaho. The objectives of this project are to establish zones of geothermal alteration and analyze the potential for geothermal power production using sub-aquifer resources on the axial volcanic zone of the Snake River Plain. Thirty samples from 1,912 m of core were sampled and analyzed for clay content and composition using X-ray diffraction. Observations from core samples and geophysical logs are also used to establish alteration zones. Mineralogical data, geophysical log data and physical characteristics of the core suggest that the base of the Snake River Plain aquifer at the axial zone is located 960m below the surface, much deeper than previously suspected. Swelling smectite clay clogs pore spaces and reduces porosity and permeability to create a natural base to the aquifer. Increased temperatures favor the formation of smectite clay and other secondary minerals to the bottom of the hole. Below 960 m the core shows signs of alteration including color change, formation of clay, and filling of other secondary minerals in vesicles and fractured zones of the core. The smectite clay observed is Fe-rich clay that is authigenic in some places. Geothermal power generation may be feasible using a low temperature hot water geothermal system if thermal fluids can be attained near the bottom of the Kimama well. (113 pages)

The role of bison in the prehistoric subsistence in southern Idaho is not fully understood. Bison remains from Baker Cave, a late Holocene archaeological site dating to cal A.D. 1042-1265, however, provide evidence of pre-contact subsistence strategies in the region. This thesis focuses on the paleoecology of bison and their role in prehistoric subsistence on the Snake River Plain (SRP). The ecological study of bison focuses on the hypothesized trans-Holocene diminution in bison body size in southern Idaho, while a second study focuses on how these animals figured into prehistoric responses to seasonal fat scarcity. Although bison diminution and its ecological determinants are well understood on the Great Plains, the history of diminution west of the Rocky Mountains is less clear. Bison morphometrics from Baker Cave present the opportunity to assess bison diminution on the Snake River Plain. Bison morphometrics from Baker Cave are indistinguishable not only from other late Holocene bison on the Snake River Plain but iv also from late Holocene bison from the Great Plains. Further, the Baker Cave bison are smaller than early Holocene bison from the Great Plains and Snake River Plain. These results suggest morphological similarity between Snake River Plain bison and Great Plains bison through the Holocene, pointing to similar bottom up ecological constraints on body size. Although bison are common components of SRP archaeofaunas, their role in prehistoric subsistence is poorly understood. To shed light on this problem, I hypothesize that the Baker Cave bison assemblage resulted from hunters seeking skeletal fat. I test predictions drawn from this hypothesis with assemblage-level patterns in element representation, impact scar distribution, and fragmentation. These assemblage-level patterns track the skeletal fat utility of elements. These patterns, combined with winter procurement evidenced by fetal remains, support the hypothesis that fat-seeking behavior was a response to winter fat scarcity. A comparison with smaller bison assemblages from southern Idaho suggests that this fat-seeking behavior might have persisted as far back as the middle Holocene, although this requires confirmation from future studies.

Understanding irrigator responses to previous changes in water availability is critical to building effective institutions that allow for efficient and resilient management of water resources in the face of potentially increasing scarcity due to climate change. Using remote sensing data, I examined irrigator responses to seasonal changes in water availability in Idaho's Snake River Plain over the past 33 years. Google Earth Engine's high performance cloud computing and big data processing capabilities were used to compare the performance of three spectral indices, three compositing algorithms and two sensors for 2002 and 2007 for distinguishing between irrigated and non-irrigated parcels. We demonstrate that, on average, the seasonal-maximum algorithm yields a 60% reduction in county scale root mean square error (RMSE) over the accepted single-date approach. We use the best performing classification method, a binary threshold of the seasonal maximum of the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), to identify irrigated and non-irrigated lands in Idaho's Snake River Basin for 1984-2016 using Landsat 5-8 data. NDMI of irrigated lands was found to generally increase over time, likely as a result of changes in agricultural practices increasing crop productivity. Furthermore, we find that irrigators with rights to small areas, and those with only surface water rights are more likely to have a major reduction (>25%) in irrigated area and conversely those with a large, groundwater rights are more likely to have major increases (>25%) in the extent of their irrigation. / Master of Science / Understanding irrigator responses to previous changes in water availability is critical to building effective institutions that allow for efficient and resilient management of water resources in the face of potentially increasing scarcity due to climate change. Using remote sensing data, I examined irrigator responses to seasonal changes in water availability in Idaho’s Snake River Plain over the past 33 years. Google Earth Engine’s high performance cloud computing and big data processing capabilities were used to compare the performance of three spectral indices, three compositing algorithms and two sensors for 2002 and 2007 for distinguishing between irrigated and non-irrigated parcels. We demonstrate that, on average, the seasonal-maximum algorithm yields a 60% reduction in county scale root mean square error (RMSE) over the accepted single-date approach. We use the best performing classification method, a binary threshold of the seasonal maximum of the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), to identify irrigated and non-irrigated lands in Idaho’s Snake River Basin for 1984-2016 using Landsat 5-8 data. NDMI of irrigated lands was found to generally increase over time, likely as a result of changes in agricultural practices increasing crop productivity. Furthermore, we find that irrigators with rights to small areas, and those with only surface water rights are more likely to have a major reduction (>25%) in irrigated area and conversely those with a large, groundwater rights are more likely to have major increases (>25%) in the extent of their irrigation.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Title from t.p. of PDF file (viewed Apr. 22, 2010). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).

This study presents a probabilistic lava flow hazard assessment for the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and the cities of Idaho Falls and Pocatello, Idaho. The impetus of this work is to estimate the conditional probability that a lava flow on the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) will impact the areas of interest given the formation of a new volcanic vent in the region. A list of 288 eruptive events, derived from a previously published inventory of 506 surface and 32 buried vents, was created to reduce the biasing of spatial density maps towards eruptions with multiple dependent vents. Conditional probabilities of new vents and events occurring on the ESRP were modeled using the the Sum of Asymptotic Mean Squared Error (SAMSE) optimal pilot bandwidth estimator with a bivariate Gaussian kernel function. Monte Carlo analyses of potential eruption scenarios were performed using MOLASSES, a cellular automata fluid flow simulator. Results show that Idaho Falls is impacted <1% of the time for both the vent and event simulations; Pocatello is not impacted by any simulated flows. 25.45% of vent flows and 33.74% of event flows breach the boundaries of INL. 18.27%of vent and 25.85% of event simulations initiate on the INL property. Annual inundation probabilities of 1.06 x 10-4 for vent-based flows and 7.12 x 10-5 for event-based flows are reported for INL; annual probabilities of an eruptive center initiating on INL property are 7.60 x 10-5 for vents and 5.45 x 10-5 for events. All of these values exceed the International Atomic Energy Agency’s acceptable risk probability of 10-7 by several orders of magnitude.