Abraham Heschel wrote that a philosopher's primary task was not merely to describe and judge the modes and facts of actual human behavior, but also to examine and understand the meaninq of those descriptions and judgements of modes and facts (Bella, 1978). Our values are critically tied to our structures of reasoning and to be sure are not the domain, only, of our philosophic community. While working on a Political science internship for the office of Technologry Transfer at Oregon State University, in l989, it occurred to me that little thought was given to the value dimension of researching, developing and transferring new technology into our public and private economic sectors. In evaluating the decisions to conduct research or to introduce into our public services and private commercial businesses, new technologies, the values underlying those technologies and their particular application must become essential criteria of any proposed economic or other justification scheme. This thesis will examine this observation and its ramifications in a business organizational, social, political and public administrative and philosophic context then offer some recommendations and draw some conclusions. / Graduation date: 1994

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The author calls into question the primacy of the optimism/pessimism split within modern discourses on technology and suggests rather that the dominant thematic division in these discourses is that between mastery over and enslavement to technology. Each of these is criticized with respect to the faulty conception of control it implies. The author concludes with a view of technology as a social practice in order to move beyond mastery or enslavement.

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Recent work in the area of social cognition has increasingly addressed the manner in which cognitive processes are affected by relatively long-term individual differences in the salience of certain social stimuli over others. The present set of studies explores the effects of differences in the relative personal importance of behavior domains on autobiographical memory and memory for frequency of occurrence — areas of memory deployed in day-to-day adaptation to the environment. Behavior domains of high and low personal importance were preassessed by means of questionnaire. In the autobiographical memory study, subjects were cued for positive, negative, rare, and commonplace personal memories in high and low importance domains. Memory dates and recall latencies were also collected. Subjects then evaluated their memories in terms of 18 attributes, including emotional and imagistic vividness, confidence of recall, pleasantness, frequency of rehearsal, and self-descriptiveness. In the frequency of occurrence study, each subject was presented with a list of 90 words that included target words representing his or her high and low importance domains. Whereas nontarget words varied in frequency, all domain words were presented with equal frequency. In the memory test, subjects were presented with pairs of target words and were asked to indicate which word in the pair had appeared most frequently. Subjects also ranked the frequency with which they have encountered domain words in various real-life social contexts. The autobiographical study yielded a large number of significant findings, many of them higher order interactions. In general, personal importance was found to mediate the effects of other variables on memory attributes; for instance, subjects judged positive memories as more descriptive of self than negative memories, but only in the case of high importance domains of behavior. Personal importance was also found to affect frequency estimates. Despite identical presentation frequencies, subjects estimated that high importance words were presented significantly more frequently in the list than were low importance words. Personal importance also had significant effects on estimates of frequency of encounter with domain words and behaviors in real-life contexts. The present findings underscore the need to examine further the impact of individual differences in the meaningfulness of stimuli on social cognitive and memorial processes. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.

D.Com. (Business Economics) / In the modern social context private enterprise is expected not only to pursue profitability but also social objectives. The fact that business is expected to be involved in the social welfare of society has important implications for the division of responsibility between government and private enterprise within society. Traditionally it used to be the sole responsibility of government to see to the social welfare of society. Due to the view that business has a social responsibility uncertainty exists as to the respective roles of government and private enterprise. The objective of this research was to obtain an indication of the scope and nature of the social responsibility of business in South Africa. For this purpose the attitude of the white community in South Africa regarding corporate social responsibility was measured. In this respect the attitude of managers of companies registered on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange was also measured...

作者羅榮健. / 複印本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院社會學部. / Fu yin ben. / Includes bibliographical references. / Zuo zhe Luo Rongjian. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan she hui xue bu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-14 / Chapter 第二章 --- 研究分析架構 --- p.15-27 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究方法與個案特徵 --- p.28-34 / Chapter 第四章 --- 中國合法移民來港的主要動機及期望 --- p.35-81 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 中國合法移民的主要來港動機 --- p.37-60 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 城鄉之差別 --- p.61-68 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 男女差別 --- p.69-75 / Chapter 〈四〉 --- 中國合法移民來港前對香港的印象與期望 --- p.76-81 / Chapter 第五章 --- 中國合法移民在港之適應問題 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 中國合法移民在港之生活情況 --- p.84-111 / Chapter 1 --- 就業情況 --- p.84-92 / Chapter 2 --- 交友情況 --- p.93-97 / Chapter 3 --- 社會團體組織之參與 --- p.98-103 / Chapter 4 --- 鄰居關係 --- p.104-106 / Chapter 5 --- 工餘閒暇活動 --- p.107-111 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 最能令中國合法移民感到快樂不快樂的事情 --- p.112-117 / Chapter 第六章 --- 影響中國合法移民在港之適應的因素 --- p.118-190 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 個人層面 --- p.119-136 / Chapter 1 --- 移民來港之自願性 --- p.119-124 / Chapter 2 --- 移民來港前對香港情況之了解 --- p.125-128 / Chapter 3 --- 居港時間之長短 --- p.129-132 / Chapter 4 --- 語言的問題 --- p.133-136 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 社會層面 / Chapter 1 --- 移民來港動機及期望之達成 --- p.137-141 / Chapter 2 --- 社會關係網路之重建 --- p.142-145 / Chapter 3 --- 就業及工作問題 --- p.146-154 / Chapter 4 --- 移民在港之家庭關係 --- p.155-159 / Chapter 5 --- 大眾傳播媒介的影響 --- p.160-165 / Chapter 6 --- 香港社會對移民之社會反應與接納 --- p.166-172 / Chapter 7 --- 香港社會文化環境與移民原地的相近性 --- p.173-178 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 城鄉之差別 --- p.179-184 / Chapter 〈四〉 --- 男女之差別 --- p.185-190 / Chapter 第七章 --- 中國合法移民在港之適應策略 --- p.191-207 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 降低其對在港生活的期望或把期望寄望將來 --- p.191-195 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 將期望寄望於下一代 --- p.196-198 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 勤奮工作、刻苦耐勞、以及努力學習 --- p.198-201 / Chapter 〈四〉 --- 接受香港人比自己優勝 --- p.201-204 / Chapter 第八章 --- 中國合法移民與非法移民之主要差別 --- p.208-228 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 中國非法移民之人口特徵 --- p.212-215 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 非法移民的動機及期望 --- p.216-220 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 社會適應問題 --- p.221-227 / Chapter 第九章 --- 結論 --- p.229-239 / 注釋 / 參考書目 / Chapter 附錄 --- （一）　被訪合法移民個案簡述 / （二）　被訪非法移民個案簡述

創業被廣泛認可為世界各地的經濟增長和社會發展的引擎，創業研究已被定義為核心的研究領域且具有獨特的定義問題，理論界定和合法性。本研究由三篇文章組成，我試圖从創業的不同階段为理論研究和實踐提供深入了解創業的知識和理论。在此過程中，我将結合戰略管理，創業研究和跨文化研究的理論。總結的論文的總體框架如圖1所示。 / 第一個研究首先提出的一個基本問題，是誰會成為企業家，並從文化價值的角度解釋。鑑於創業的不確定性和損失的可能性，不確定性規避文化價值可能影響個人的創業機會識別和探索。因此，本研究側重於探索不確定性規避文化價值對創業機會識別的直接和間接影響。受先前研究企業家精神和不確定性規避文化的啟發，我的理論解釋了不確定性規避文化會影響個人對創業行為的不確定性的接受程度，以及整個社會對創業行為的認可。不確定性規避文化價值也能作為調節變量影響個人的創業能力和對失敗的恐懼對機會識別的影響。 / 第二個研究側重於新生創業者的工作經驗和當前尋求企業合法化活動對初創期企業績效的影響。遵循以往的研究，我選取了人力資本中最重要的經驗的深度和經驗的廣度，並預測經驗的深度和企業績效的倒U型的關係，以及經驗的廣度和企業績效之間正相關關係。此外，我側重於新生創業者的企業合法化活動，創業組織活動和獲得外界幫助，並預測他們對經驗和企業績效之間關係的增強作用。在實證研究中，我分析了321中國新生創業者的創業活動及過程，發現數據支持預測的經驗對企業績效的作用。此外，創業者從事創業組織活動和獲得外界幫助，使得經驗的廣度對績效的作用的曲線在最佳水平前後變得更陡，這表明加強的互動作用。 / 第三個研究，基於製度基礎論，研究區域制度發展對新興市場企業創新戰略作用。這裡的區域指的是低於國家的行政區劃，作為企業作為最直接的環境，提供製度上的正当性和環境資源，為企業創新所必需的條件。通過過去很少有研究關注的企業家的主动地资源获取戰略。而企業家的政治资本和社会资本能幫助企業從地區環境中獲得更多的合法性和資源。在實證研究中，通過對中國民營企業的調查數據分析，證實了區域制度對企業創新的促進作用，並發現企業家樹立的政治资本和社会资本能幫助企業在創新過程中改變的區域制度的約束[附圖]。 / Entrepreneurship is widely recognized as the engine of economic growth and social development throughout the world, and entrepreneurship research has been defined and legitimated as a core research field with unique defining questions and theoretical boundaries. In this dissertation that consists of three essays, I strive to provide insights on the knowledge of entrepreneurship at various stages of the start-up process. By doing so, I combined and extend the theories in strategy, entrepreneurship, and cross-culture studies. The overall framework of the dissertation is summarized in Figure 1. / Essay 1 of this thesis starts by asking the question of who will be entrepreneurs and relate this question to the influence of culture. Given the uncertainty and possibility of loss of entrepreneurship, the cultural uncertainty avoidance might exert influence on individual's entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploration. Therefore, Essay 1 focuses on the direct and indirect effects of cultural uncertainty avoidance on entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploitation. Inspired by previous research on entrepreneurship and cross-culture studies, I theorize that the cultural uncertainty avoidance will influence individual's attitude towards uncertainty and the social acceptance of entrepreneurial behavior. Also cultural uncertainty avoidance might moderate the relationship between individual's entrepreneurial capability and fear of failure, and their opportunity identification. / Essay 2 focuses on the role of nascent entrepreneur's previous working experience and current legitimation activities on new venture's early stage performance. Following previous research, I divide human capital into experience depth and experience breadth, and predict a inverted-U shaped relationship between experience depth and performance, and a positive relationship between experience breadth and performance. In addition, I focused on two kinds of legitimation actions of nascent entrepreneur, organizing activities and getting external help, and predicted their enhancing role on the relationship between experience and performance. Empirically, I analyzed data of 321 Chinese nascent entrepreneur in their founding process and found support to the predicted role of experience on performance. Moreover, as entrepreneurs are engaging in more organizing activities and receiving more external help, the slops of experience depth to performance will be more abrupt both before and after the optimal level, indicating an enhancing interaction. / Essay 3 relies on institution-based view to examine the role of subnational market-supporting institution on the innovative strategy of emerging market firms. Subnational institution, as the most direct environment of private firms, provide institutional legitimacy and environmental resource, which are necessary for firm innovation. Rarely studied is entrepreneur's active resource-seeking strategy to gain more legitimacy and resource from subnational region. Using survey data on Chinese private firms, I confirmed the facilitation of subnational institution on firm innovation, and found that political capital and business capital can alter the constraints imposed by institution [with diagram]. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ding, Zhujun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / [摘要] --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- A GENERAL REVIEW OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- STUDY ONE --- p.21 / TITLE: Cultural Uncertainty Avoidance and Entrepreneurial Opportunity --- p.21 / ABSTRACT --- p.21 / INTRODUCTION --- p.22 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.24 / Culture and Entrepreneurship --- p.24 / Cultural Uncertainty Avoidance and Entrepreneurship --- p.28 / Entrepreneurial opportunity --- p.32 / Entrepreneurial opportunity discovery --- p.33 / Entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation --- p.37 / METHODOLOGY --- p.41 / Data and Measurements --- p.41 / RESULTS --- p.43 / DISCUSSION --- p.47 / REFERENCE --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- STUDY TWO --- p.67 / TITLE: Entrepreneur's Working Experience and Legitimacy Seeking for New Venture --- p.67 / ABSTRACT --- p.67 / INTRODUCTION --- p.68 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.71 / Working experience on new venture performance --- p.75 / Working Experience Depth --- p.77 / Working Experience Breadth --- p.79 / Moderators on the relation between experience depth and performance --- p.81 / Moderators on the relation between experience breadth and performance --- p.84 / METHODOLOGY --- p.86 / Data and Sample --- p.86 / Variables and Measurements --- p.89 / RESULTS --- p.91 / DISCUSSION --- p.94 / CONTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION --- p.97 / REFERENCE --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- STUDY THREE --- p.116 / TITLE: Subnational Institution and Firm Capital: a Multilevel Model of Innovation Under Emerging Economies --- p.116 / ABSTRACT --- p.116 / INTRODUCTIONN --- p.117 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.122 / Subnational institution and firm innovation --- p.127 / Political capital --- p.129 / Social capital --- p.132 / Interactions --- p.134 / METHODOLOGY --- p.137 / The empirical design --- p.137 / Data --- p.139 / Measurement --- p.140 / Analytic method --- p.143 / RESULTS --- p.145 / DISCUSSION --- p.149 / CONTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION --- p.151 / REFERENCE --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.174

Modes of communication in modern society have become instant and frequent. Internet users usually post ongoing activities and check their friends’ statuses with texts and photos in social networking sites. During information seeking and sharing processes, they enable peer-to-peer surveillance on the Internet. The present research adopts Foucault’s (1977) Panopticon as a metaphor to investigate this new advent of online surveillance. Surveillance from unknown people on the Internet may not always exist, but the perception of being surveilled could be embedded in the users’ mind. This kind of suspicion may generate some surveillance effects such as low self-esteem and communication discouragement, namely panoptic effects without the presence of actual surveillance (Botan, 1996). This study focuses on the negative panoptic effects to Internet users, leading to three hypotheses related to privacy infringement, Internet stress and self-monitoring. An online survey was conducted with 325 respondents aged from 18 to 29. Regression analyses were used to investigate the explanatory power of one’s perception of being surveilled on the outcome variables. The results showed that the respondents with higher level of perceived online surveillance report higher sense of privacy infringement, more situational stress and higher desire of self-monitoring in their online disclosure. With awareness of being surveilled, the respondents realize the information they share online may be exposed to anonymous observers and be prone to storage and dissemination, resulting in privacy infringement. Since online information could be exposed and misused, the respondents feel stressful to share their views and emotions online. They may conduct self-censorship on their online disclosure so as to acquire credits from other Internet users and avoid punishment for improper manner. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail.