For some time now there has been a growing tendency for new industry to locate in or near small communities for reasons varying from deliberate decentralization for defense purposes to the purely economic necessity of locating near the site of required natural resources. This study is concerned with communities in such area where the new industry's activity is large in comparison with the economic activity already in existence and thus the new industry often becomes the dominant or characteristic function of the community. Quite naturally under these conditions new industry has a considerable impact on the social, economic and physical makeup of a community. The effects may be, and often are, so significant that the resources of the community may be stretched to breaking point in its effort to adapt to meet the changes brought about. Far worse is the fact that within the community itself there is often little realization of the far reaching changes which may result from the presence of a new plant and therefore little forethought is given to population changes, in terms of number or characteristics, or the changes in community service and facility needs which will ensue. As a result little if any planning is done to meet and ameliorate these changes. There is much evidence of this sort of thing having taken place in British Columbia and there are indications that large industrial concerns will continue to locate in small communities in that Province. Different methods commonly used for measuring the impact of new industry are discussed and evaluated, and the proposition is advanced that the use of any one method may not have any meaning. The approach adopted is therefore descriptive and qualitative. No quantitative indices are sought and no attempt is made to arrive at a precise quantitative measure of change, rather the area of change is emphasized throughout. The procedure followed consists of an examination of published accounts of experiences in the United States and Canada and a study of some selected communities in the Province of British Columbia. The work is chiefly concerned with community economic structure and services and facilities; the sociological aspects of change are not examined. The analysis of the experience of communities is concerned with isolated significant aspects of change and with the broader effects on the economic structure of the community as a whole. The analysis is further concerned with different types of communities and how the impact of a given new industry may vary with community type. Implications for planning are dealt with and specific planning measures are advanced to ameliorate the impact of new industry. Since the knowledge of this impact is not enough for municipalities in poor financial condition the notion is advanced that financial assistance is necessary from a higher level of government and that there is a definite role for a super municipal government in many communities for this and other reasons. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid knowledge about aging scale. Two hundred and ninety-eight subjects (128 males, 170 females) from the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, and members of the general population, ranging from 17 to 65 years of age, and having 0 to 12 years of post secondary education, participated in this study. Subjects were chosen on the basis of having gerontological, versus no gerontological training. Subjects responded to computer randomized Likert scale questionnaires consisting of the initial 60 item Proto Knowledge About Aging Scale, Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQ), and Kogan's Old People Scale (OP). Responses to the initial Proto scale were used to construct a psychometrically appropriate 40 item scale that consisted of three factor dimensions interpreted as Psychological, Biological Change, and Social Lifestyle/Histological Change. This 40 item scale had a Chronbach's alpha of 0.839 and a construct validity value of 0.701. Analysis of Covariance results indicated that the independent variables of age, gender, and years of post secondary education, had no significant extraneous confounding influence (p≤ 0.05) on Proto scale results. However, type of training did influence Proto scale results, with those subjects having gerontological training scoring significantly higher (Duncan's Multiple Range Test p≤ 0.05) than those with no gerontological training. Investigation into Proto's scale characteristics were further analyzed in relation to the subjects in this investigation, Palmore's FAQ, and Kogan's OP scale, with discussion focussing on Proto's psychometric rigor as compared to Palmore's FAQ. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Over the past two decades, the geography of sport has become a rapidly expanding body of literature. Although a potentially dynamic field of research, there are at present several theoretical weaknesses. First, enquiry has focused on diffusion patterns to the exclusion of the processes that create these patterns. Second, sports scholars in the discipline tend to participate in an isolated discourse with few connections to the broader scope of geography or with the expansive non-geographical sports literature. One key focus of debate outside the discipline centres on the role of the city in the modernisation of sporting activities. 'Modernisation' theory is valuable for establishing the intricate links between sport, as a process, and the social fabric. Despite this advantage, critics have argued that these links are analytically weak and the relationship between cities and sport should be more broadly theorised. In an attempt to provide a broader theoretical basis for analyzing sport as a cultural process, as well as a means of overcoming the failings of modernisation theory, Raymond Williams' 'cultural materialism' is examined. Williams Identifies three cultural elements in society, which constantly interact through the process of hegemonic control: the dominant, residual and emergent cultures. The case-study of lacrosse, examined through the lens of 'cultural materialism', illustrates the interaction between these three elements of culture. Among the residual North American Native cultures, lacrosse was one of the most widespread of outdoor games. Shrouded in religious symbolism and ritual, lacrosse was closely tied to economic provision and group protection. Escalating contact with European culture and the Imposition of foreign values and ideas resulted in the modification and eventual transformation of lacrosse. Increasingly, the ritual assumed a purely recreational function. During the early nineteenth century, Europeans began organising lacrosse as a 'modern' sport. The early clubs remained socially- exclusive and membership was strictly reserved for the social elite. Submerged in a legacy of British values, this dominant cultural element also left an Impression on the sport. As the dominant British cultural Influence waned, an emerging Canadian culture became a decisive factor in the history of lacrosse. Further modifications to the game were made as spectators and gate-receipts became increasingly important. Changing values and attitudes led lacrosse on a path towards professionalism. Despite the widespread acceptance of 'play for gain', the dominant amateur ideal prevailed. Lacrosse remained nationally amateur and suffered a serious decline after the first few decades of the twentieth century. The Interplay between the dominant British, the residual Native and emerging Canadian cultures, presents a view of the struggle for hegemony over control of a cultural process. This study's primary conclusion is that Williams' theory of 'cultural materialism' is a powerful interpretive framework for the geography of sport. It overcomes the theoretical weaknesses of geographical sports research as well as addressing the problems of the modernisation theory. In addition, 'cultural materialism' provides an invaluable interpretation of the concept of hegemony. Williams' theory places sport firmly in the context of particular social, economic and cultural heritages. It leads geographers away from a narrow concern with pattern to a fuller exploration of process. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This study develops and tests the strengths and weaknesses of an analytical framework entitled sociologies to examine students' responses to socioscientific issues. Sociologies (Latour, 1987) is defined as the unpredictable and heterogeneous networks of links and associations that constitute the construction, accumulation, and mobilization of knowledge in the face of controversy. Recognizing the asymmetry of knowledge production, sociologies looks at how some knowledge is rendered more credible, and more powerful, than others. The framework consists of five questions: a) how causes and effects are attributed; b) what points (ideas) are linked to which other; c) what size and strength these links have; d) who the most legitimate spokespersons are; and e) and how all these elements are modified during the controversy. Latour calls the answer to these five questions "sociologies". Under this rubric, the production of knowledge is contentious because knowledge is socially constructed in a world where discourse and politics and knowledge and power are inextricably related. I argue that the framework of sociologies is an improvement upon commonly used analytical frameworks in socioscientific research in education as, unlike previous forms of analysis, it foregrounds the social construction of knowledge (as evidenced in discourse) and highlights the contentious, complex, unpredictable, and dynamic nature of knowledge production prevalent in these issues. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Visual intrusions are a consequence of the presence of motor vehicles in urban residential areas. Measuring the community's level of annoyance to the negative images of vehicles, determining the capacity of the visual environment to accommodate vehicles, and introducing standards of visual quality for the appearance of a neighbourhood are tasks in which urban planners should become involved. In the study of visual vehicular disturbances, literature was reviewed and a case study was undertaken. A questionnaire was organized and administered in three Vancouver residential areas so as to obtain attitudinal and factual information. Attitudinal responses were elicited in regard to the resident's actual environment and to certain standard environments portrayed in photographs. A data analysis involved correlations between variables which were hypothesized to be associated. The main conclusions from the research were, first that residents, when asked directly, do appear to be annoyed by the unattractiveness of vehicles in the residential environment. However, residents do not appear to be sensitive to the importance of visual intrusions as a problem when compared to other adverse vehicular effects. Second, the correlation coefficients were either not statistically significant or not high enough to be conclusive in support of the hypothesized associations between levels of annoyance and (l.) socio-economic status, (2) motor vehicle activity, and (3) effectiveness of visual screening structures. Third, and finally, the visual-capacity of the residential environment to accommodate motor vehicles was perceived to be higher by communities of lower socio-economic status. Because of the uncertain future use of motor vehicles, particularly in light of fuel shortages and rising insurance costs for vehicles, and the high public expenditures required for physical alterations to reorganize vehicular movements and parking facilities, "short-term", "wait and see", "bandaid" type approaches are recommended to mitigate the problem of visual intrusions. A planning alternative whereby accessibility is maintained while measures are -taken to enhance the visual quality leads to an implementing proposal such as visual screening structures. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study examined the impact of gender, institutional characteristics, years of professional experience in higher education, and highest earned degree on perceptions of career advancement factors held by midlevel Black female and male student affairs administrators. Midlevel Black female student affairs administrators were more likely than their Black male counterparts to perceive disparities related to career advancement factors. They perceived elevated professional standards, gender discrimination, underutilization of their skills, and negative societal attitudes regarding Black women. Although women were more likely to perceive disparities in career advancement factors, women at medium institutions were less likely than men at medium institutions to perceive that they are subjected to negative societal attitudes about Black people of their gender group. When gender was removed from the analysis, all administrators at medium institutions were more likely than their counterparts at small institutions to perceive that they are included in decision-making processes. Additional findings beyond the scope of the original research questions indicate that years of experience and highest earned degree also impact the career advancement perceptions held by all of the participants in this study. The sample population for this study were members of College Student Educators International (ACPA), the National Association of Student Affairs Professionals (NASAP), and the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA). Data was collected using an electronic version of the "Perceptions of Career Advancement Survey" adapted from Coleman's (2002) "African American Student Affairs Administrator Survey". / A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education. / Fall Semester, 2006. / September 21, 2006. / Black Women Student Affairs Administrators, African American Women Student Affairs Administrat, African American Student Affairs Administrators, Black Student Affairs Administrators / Includes bibliographical references. / Robert A. Schwartz, Professor Directing Dissertation; Maxine D. Jones, Outside Committee Member; Beverly L. Bower, Committee Member; Victoria-Maria MacDonald, Committee Member.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The questions examined are central to the ongoing debate in science, which encompasses two general positions when answering the question, what is science? One position is the positivist tradition which views science as objective and value-free, while the other more structural tradition views science as value-laden. It was the latter position we adopted in handling the material. / 2031-01-01

A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Research Psychology by Coursework and Research Report University of the Witwatersrand 7 June 2017 / This research examines the ways in which atheist identity is constructed and performed in online settings worldwide. The study focuses on the discursive methods through which atheism as an identity is constructed and performed, and the social functions that the use of such methods may serve in these settings. The qualitative method of discursive psychology is used to analyse the performative aspects of blog posts and forums which display instances of atheist identity performance and construction. Three methods of construction and performance are identified, namely the use and contestation of labels and their boundaries, the use of analogies, and the resistance of negative constructions of atheist identity. These methods draw on discourses such as morality versus amorality, intellectualism versus anti-intellectualism, and adult versus child-like beliefs, in order to construct boundaries and produce individual identity performances. Taken together, these performances achieves the construction of a minority collective identity, as well as destigmatising the minority. / MT2018

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