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The international governance discourse has seen radical changes in both trends and understandings in recent years, from the global dominance of liberal democracy after the Cold War, to the current movement towards authoritarianism. The modern autocracy has progressed its reach by the use of new applications in technology, which has resulted in a digital authoritarianism, also known as E-governance. In China, a system known as the “Social Credit System” represents these changes in modern governance. It aims to improve civic governance by incorporating the social contract into a digital platform. The system has been described as both a technological salvation and Orwellian Panopticon, with approximately 900 million individual records whilst assigning each user with a social credit score depending on how well they perform on different areas, such as education, prosocial behavior, financial services and much more. “Trustworthy” users are given opportunities in life such as improved; welfare, housing, social status, employment, and mobility in society. Meanwhile, “trust breakers” are placed on a blacklist and face a variety of sanctions and restrictions.   This qualitative case study analyzes the overall functioning of the system in terms of social control, in order to open up the (currently) rather dualistic debate on the system in current academic literature since the system is usually presented rather simplistically as either a threat or a benefit. The thesis, furthermore, analyses the domestic governance implications of the Social Credit System and the changes it suggests to how social control might be operationalized by other societies in the future. Lastly, the study will investigate the effect of social labelling in the “Blacklist” component and discuss the consequences for minority groups, polarization, governance advances, legal improvements, and rule of law.

Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto una analisi comparata tra Europa ed America Latina in merito al fenomeno del dumping sociale e al suo stretto rapporto con il contratto di lavoro internazionale e le relative condizioni di lavoro. Il lavoro di ricerca ha richiesto lo studio e l’analisi di fonti “variegate” e multidisciplinari in quanto si tratta di un fenomeno poliedrico, relativamente recente e che è stato oggetto di interpretazioni molto diverse, se non antitetiche. L’obiettivo della presente analisi è molteplice. In primo luogo, si è trattato di definire il perimetro del fenomeno, astraendone una possibile definizione, tuttora assente nel panorama normativo vigente. In secondo luogo, si è voluto, mediante una analisi comparata tra Europa e America Latina, verificare l’andamento del dumping sociale in differenti contesti, in particolare, in un Paese industrializzato e in un Paese in via di sviluppo. Con il terzo e ultimo obiettivo, facendo emergere luci ed ombre del dumping sociale, si è cercato di individuare un percorso futuro dove fosse possibile – mediante comportamenti proattivi da parte di tutti gli attori coinvolti – arginare i fenomeni negativi del dumping e tutelare sempre più i diritti sociali. / The thesis concerns a comparative analysis between Europe and Latin America regarding the phenomenon of social dumping and its close relationship with the international employment contract and related working conditions. The research has required the study and analysis of "varied" and multidisciplinary reference sources, taking into account that it is a multifaceted phenomenon, which has become more common in relatively recent periods and has been the subject of very different interpretations, sometimes even antithetical. The aim of this research is multiple. Firstly, the thesis sought to define the perimeter of the phenomenon, extracting a possible legal definition, which is still absent in the existing regulatory framework. Secondly, through a comparative analysis between Europe and Latin America, the research analyzed the trend of social dumping in different contexts, in particular, in a developed and in a developing country. In its third and last objective, the thesis, by taking out the pros and cons of social dumping, tried to identify a future path in where it will be possible – through proactive behavior on behalf by all those involved – to make a positive contribution to counter the negative phenomena of dumping while increasingly protect social rights.