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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The questions examined are central to the ongoing debate in science, which encompasses two general positions when answering the question, what is science? One position is the positivist tradition which views science as objective and value-free, while the other more structural tradition views science as value-laden. It was the latter position we adopted in handling the material. / 2999-01-01

This study examines the social organization of Gaiscíoch, a large online gaming community that exists within the simulated world of a massively multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG). It provides an ethnographic account of an online gaming community that is open to any player without skill or time commitment requirements, but still maintains high status within the game world. This project identifies eight elements that make this inclusive, friendly, and casual community successful in virtual worlds that tend to be dominated by communities that have a competitive, strict, and exclusive approach to online gaming (social interaction, code of values, leadership, rank system, events, community building, population size, gameplay). Lastly, this project briefly inquires about the nature of the border between the virtual and the physical and establishes that gamers can be considered pseudo-border-inhabitants that are in control of the community they place adjacent to them in the cyber world. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

有關臺灣邊地的拓墾研究，往往傾向研究土地拓墾的過程與組織。其基本論述架構是漢墾戶向官方申請墾照後，官府將界外未墾的荒埔提供給漢人開墾，漢人如何自力或與官方合作經營的結果。這類的研究論述忽略了原來早已存在的非法拓墾行動一直沒有消失。拓墾的申請與其說是新的程序，不如說是一種合法化的過程。也正是這樣一種認知脈絡下，內山設隘開墾的組織就不是表面上所認識的是一批為官方守邊，或是因生番擾害而防番的一支武力組織。十九世紀初隘的設防已逐漸成為一種界外開墾的管道，清代官方檔案也提醒我們注意這些界外開墾的墾戶不僅沒有防番，可能還一直與生番有貿易來往關係。換言之，這些以防番為名的墾戶其實是假借防番為名，掩護越界開墾之實，其向官府強調「生番擾害」的原因只是為自己取得更大界外土地開墾的正當性。 / 道光年間以前這類非法開墾早已經存在，官方也早已發現界外越墾的問題，因此如何控制界外開墾乃成為官方邊地控制的一大課題。為了處理這些問題，官府不斷調整其政策與設定邊界，從乾隆到道光年以後，這些邊界的浮動，與其說是官方主動規畫計議的結果，不如說是漢人與熟番通過各種途徑越界開墾，建構地權主張、操弄挪移既有的邊界後，官府最終追認的結果。臺灣邊界的變動以及隘墾區的拓墾顯示清代官方政策的實踐是不斷在向地方社會的現實妥協中逐漸調整的，而地方社會也在官方政策的模糊空間中，藉由官方的名義與權威，尋求自己利益的伸張與庇護。這便是臺灣邊地所顯現的一幅國家與地方互動的景象。臺灣作為清王朝帝國的邊疆，其邊地社會的建構，除了幫助我們把握臺灣整體歷史進程的理解外，也提供我們從一側面掌握清帝國擴張的內在軌跡與多元族群統治下的彈性策略。 / Existing studies on land cultivation in Taiwan’s frontier have the focus on its process and organizations. The most popular narrative is that the Han Chinese cultivators were granted the right to the waste land from the government. What is missed out in the narrative is the fact that illegal cultivation that had lasted for so long had never disappeared; therefore the application for license was little more than a move of self-legitimating. In light of this, the organizations which set up forts and managed land cultivation should not be taken on surface value that their purpose was to safeguard the border for the government or defend against the harassment of the aborigines. The forts became a system of land cultivation beyond the border, and the official documents evidenced the fact that cultivators did not defend against the aborigines, rather, they kept doing businesses with them. In other words, the cultivators in the name of self-defending were actually to cover their illegal activities and to grabbing more land, and for that purpose they emphasized the "harassment of the raw aborigines". / Illegal activities had already existed before mid-Qing. The government was aware of this border control issues and had adjusted its cultivation and border policies. The line was not planned by the government; it was just government recognition of the new situation when the border was maneuvered by the Han Chinese so as to advance their economic interest and establish their land rights. What happened on Taiwan frontier demonstrates the interaction between the state and the local society. To be specific, on one hand, the official policy was adjusted to the ground realities and was thus implemented; on the other hand, the local society took advantage of the name and authority of the government to advance their own agenda. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 傅寶玉. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-250). / Abstracts also in English. / Fu Baoyu.

薛婷. / 論文(碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院傳播學部, 1995. / 附參考文獻. / Xue Ting. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 / Chapter 1. --- 硏究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- 硏究方法 --- p.2 / Chapter 3. --- 論文結構 --- p.2 / Chapter 第二章 --- 理論依據 / Chapter 1 . --- 政治經濟學 --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- 媒體的政治經濟學 --- p.11 / Chapter 3 . --- 理論的啓示 --- p.18 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中國的政經環境和媒體的關係 / Chapter 1 . --- 中國政治經濟互動關係的運作背景 --- p.20 / Chapter 2 . --- 中國政治經濟和媒體作爲政治宣傳工具的轉變 --- p.28 / Chapter 3 . --- 分析架構硏究方法 --- p.31 / Chapter 第四章 --- 中國電影的本質、管理體制和思想指導 / Chapter 1 . --- 中國電影本質的歷史發展 --- p.36 / Chapter 2 . --- 電影的管理體制和指導思想 --- p.43 / Chapter 第五章 --- 中國電影的發展和互動 / Chapter 1. --- 電影事業的槪況 --- p.52 / Chapter 2 . --- 政經互動和電影發展的歷史關係 --- p.59 / Chapter 3. --- 電影事業的矛盾論 --- p.78 / Chapter 4 . --- 小結：政治´ؤ電影發展的重擔 --- p.91 / Chapter 第六章 --- 北京電影制片廠--個案硏究 / Chapter 1. --- 系統內尋求適應的組織 --- p.96 / Chapter 2. --- 硏究假設和方法 --- p.97 / Chapter 3. --- 政經環境變化和北京電影廠的發展 --- p.100 / Chapter 4. --- 小結 --- p.134 / Chapter 第七章 --- 總結和討論 / Chapter 1. --- 電影事業自主權和組織變化 --- p.139 / Chapter 2. --- 電影事業發展和政府控制 --- p.140 / Chapter 3. --- 矛盾中尋求平衡的電影事業 --- p.142 / Chapter 4. --- 硏究啓示 --- p.144 / 附表二 ： 電影類型編碼定義 / 附表二 ： 北京電影制片廠電影生產年表(1979-1994) / 參考書目