With the coming of globalization and knowledge of economy that may hence the flows of goods, finance, and people as well as the rapid changes of work force structures, many countries are starting to look for international professionals. In Taiwan, we are encountering unclear immigration policy, low birthrate, disproportionate new immigrants and industrial transformation. Therefore, it is vital to come up with an effective policy to attract foreign professionals to migrate into Taiwan for meeting the demand of industries and improve population quality. Based on ¡§Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework,¡¨ this study analyzed the current difficulties and critical problems of Taiwan authority¡¦s policy for foreign professionals. Through research and discussion from domestic and overseas references, it summarized four critical cues that may affect professionals¡¦ migration. These cues are ¡§the openness of immigration regulations,¡¨ ¡§innovation of working environment,¡¨ ¡§internationalization of society and culture¡¨ and ¡§tax reduction.¡¨ With the research method of Social Judgment Theory, it treated policy stakeholders as its respondents including government staff in central government, Taipei City and Kaohsiung City and local citizens and foreign residents from Taipei City and Kaohsiung City to examine whether the disparate groups have different cognitions toward the four cues. The findings are as follows: 1. In the average weights, all groups pay the most attention to ¡§tax reduction,¡¨ followed by ¡§innovation of working environment,¡¨ ¡§internationalization of society and culture¡¨ and ¡§openness of immigration regulations.¡¨ 2. In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitudes toward the four cues; this indicates that all groups considered the incentive of the four cues are ¡§The more, the better.¡¨ 3. In the description questions, 55% respondents don¡¦t agree that they realize the current foreign professionals¡¦ policies. Among them, 23% are government staff. 97.6% respondents agree that the political stability affects the willingness of foreign professionals to migrate into Taiwan. 4. There are two statistical findings in one-way ANOVA: (1) All groups have significant differences in ¡§openness of immigration regulations¡¨ and ¡§innovation of working environment.¡¨ (2) There are significant differences in ¡§openness of immigration regulations¡¨ and ¡§innovation of working environment¡¨ among government staff, local citizens and foreign residents in Kaohsiung City and Taipei City 5. There are two statistical findings in t-test: (1) It is insignificant in the four cues between the decision groups in Taipei City and Kaohsiung City. (2) There are significant differences in ¡§innovation of working environment,¡¨ ¡§internationalization of society and culture¡¨ between central and local government staff.

ABSTRACT Trigged with the democratic movements, Taiwan¡¦s society had evolved in the past 15 years that citizen had more opportunities to participate in public policy decisions. As different objects, values and ideologies existing between stakeholders, conflict of the cognitive nature besides interests (i.e. difference in goals) becomes popular in many local development issues. How to analyze and aid such decision-makings then becomes an important public affairs management topic of study. The study uses the cable car issue in Kaohsiung as the task and local stakeholders like citizens, government officers, councils and environment protect group are interviewed and surveyed using the Social Judgment Theory (SJT) as the guiding methodology. Social judgment theory mainly plumbs the issue of ¡§understanding¡¨ which generated from the discrepancy between decision maker¡¦s subjective cognition and objective environment, and the issue of ¡§conflict¡¨ which resulted from the discrepancy of every decision maker¡¦s subjective cognition, as well as seeks for what causes the cognitive conflict in public policy decisions and explores the method to reduce the cognitive conflict. To survey the conflicts¡¦ degree in every decision maker and provide suggestions to government for consultation to draw up relative policies while facing similar controversial issue is what the study for. Key words¡Gcognitive conflict, public policy disputes, social judgment theory¡]SJT¡^

This research method of study is Social Judgment Theory. According to review the domestic and international literatures, the cues of performance measurement are focus on these four dimensions: "internal perspective", "financial perspective", "customer perspective" and "learning and growth". The questionnaire was made by the stakeholders who are the members and volunteers of China Youth Corps Task Committees in Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung County and Pingtung County. The interviewees of the survey in this study are the members and volunteers of China Youth Corps Task Committees of Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung County and Pingtung County. The goal is to investigate the significant differences between these decision groups and decision variables. After the analysis, the study gets the following results that provide the reference of following research. 1. The outcomes of the decision groups¡¦ the cue weight average are that the cue of "learning and growth", the most important part for decision makers, the cue of "internal perspective", "customer perspective" and "financial perspective" are in order. 2. The outcomes of the decision groups¡¦ the cue weight the ANOVA are that "financial perspective" is the most variable for each groups¡¦ decisions, but the groups¡¦ decisions are consensus in the cue of "learning and growth". 3. For the function of each decision group, there are positive correlations in the cues of "internal perspective", "financial perspective", "customer perspective", and ¡§learning and growth". It also means that if the better performance these variables have the higher measurement that the China Youth Corps Task Committees will get. 4. t-test of the cue weight average is that there are significant differences in each groups¡¦ decisions of "learning and growth". 5. ANOVA of population and social-economic variables is that the variables of gender, age, service places, service years and the level of education are not significant differences.

In recent years, New Media such as internet not only impacted old media but also widely used by citizenship. For example, Thousands of internet users set up a voluntary "Morakot Typhoon disaster network center" raised supplies and reported the latest disaster in remote mountainous areas in 2009. January 2011 People in Egypt also used a network of new media to raise citizen to demonstrate their anger of government, they finally attracted international attention. These phenomena have demonstrated new media's power and influence. ¡@¡@This study explores the factors and cognitive attitudes of citizens when they through a network use new media to participate in public affairs. The factors were chosen from literatures and corresponded to PAM (integrated public affair management framework). Five decision-making variables (cues) of this study are "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", "self-ability", "anonymous degree ", and "the issue of topic". Questionnaire was based on Social Judgment Theory, SJT. Both physical survey questionnaires and internet questionnaires were disseminated to new media users. Total questionnaires are 152 and valid questionnaires are 88. Through statistical software policy PC to understand the subject's decision-making for these five variables in the cognitive approach. The results are as follows: 1. In the average weights, the most important cue for all groups is "anonymous degree" followed by "self-ability", "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", and "the issue of topic". 2. In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitude toward the three cues: "selfish - altruism", "self-ability" and "anonymous degree". All groups have U-curve attitude toward the cue:"support from peer". All groups have positive attitude and U-curve attitude toward the cue:"the issue of topic".

Conflict Management in Pluralistic Societies: Aspect of Judgment Analysis. Abstract Interpersonal Conflict in pluralistic societies has been analyzed into¡§Fact Conflict¡¨(mutual interference in beliefs) and¡§Value Conflict¡¨ (mutual interference in preferences ), The interpersonal conflict can be caused by purely cognitive factors, that¡¦s to say, the fact conflict and value conflict can be treated together under the general rubric of¡§Cognitive Conflict¡¨. The growing of locally environmental disputes concerning large scale publicdecision-makings, such as the cases of constructions of Fifth Naphtha Cracking Plant,Fourth Nuclear Power Plant, and Meinung Dam etc., have raised enormous socialcost in recent years. One of the main causes of above mentioned disputes is cognitiveconflict. Among various efforts against problem of cognitive conflict, The Social JudgmentTheory, SJT, and the Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, CCP, have been confirmed to beone of the effective approaches to settle the problem of cognitive conflict. Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. Cognitive Conflict Paradigm is to provide a scenario to uncover information concerning cognitive conflict. It¡¦s an experimental laboratory method that involves two stages: (1)Training stage in which two subjects are trained in such a way that each learns to think differently about a common set of problems, and(2)Conflict stage in which the two subjects are brought together and attempt to arrive at a joint decisions concerning the problems. Through Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, the investigator can observe two persons offering conflicting answers, efforts to cope with differences and arrive at a joint decision, in fact, observe the effect of the experience on their cognitive change and the efforts to solve subsequent problems. In this study, a series of simulated decision making task about Meinung Dam construction and the Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research fingings of this study include: 1. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Single cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of joint decision quality. 4. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 5. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 6. The most constructive result obtained in this study was that we had presented a conceptual framework, research paradigm, and conflict management procedure generated from the application of Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm to analyze and solve the conflict problems in pluralistic societies. These framework, paradigm, and procedure should be useful to subsequent cognitive conflict researchers and practical public decision making. Keywords¡GPluralistic Societies, Judgment Analysis ,Lens Model, Social Judgment Theory, Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, Outcome Feedback, Cognitive Feedback.

Taiwan society had evolved in the past 15 years, and the citizens had more opportunities to participate in puclic policy decisions.However, the formation of the policy about Mainland China in Taiwan is a very diffcult thing. A lot of different opinions and ideology we can not control. Coping with Mainland China affairs is invitable to Taiwan. No matter economic, politics or society, Taiwan always faces the menace of the Mainland China. Therefore, making a good Mainland China policy is important. Cohering a common comsensus is also essential.And Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. In this study, a serious of simulated decision maing tast about importing Mainland China talent and the Social Jugdement Theory and Cognition Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research prove : 1.Cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3.Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. Comparing Taiwan with Mainland China MPA students, we can find the students in Taiwan and Mainland China are all concerning about the cues variable of polotics. They all think the politics is the most important variable about the strait affairs.

Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizens live in base condition of society life area, base on the individuality cognition factors of information, education, morality, and ethic to the social reaction in the pluralistic society. People have to the co-operation and reciprocity each other in the everyday life. The morality norms standard depends on the different between private and public, to decide the co-operation and betrayal. The value or morality cognition embeds the society structure and society relations, it embodies social capital dimensions on interpersonal trust, network structure, and culture perception. They affect the individuality responsibility; reflect the north-south gap phenomena of economy, society, political, government, public policy and public management. For the issue on north-south gap includes in both individuality and society factor. a majority of research from the aspects on economy, society, political, and government. Few of research focus on civil culture empirical comparison study. Society system mechanism center in civil culture, from the judgment analysis aspects, the research employs the method of Social Judgment Theory, to investigate that Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizens think about multiple attributes relevant information to judge the private or public affairs, reflect value, morality cognition, and social capital in the everyday life. The aim is to prove abstract concept on value, morality cognition, and social capital, to establish empirical study of civil culture relevant variance, to reflect individuality society, to provide the operation procedure of morality cognition in the future study. The research design takes double system case, selects the value cues of free-speech ,society-identity, develop-efficiency, society-stable, and add-income; the morality cognition cues of unfair, upself, reciprocity, relation and toleration; the social capital cues of interpersonal trust, network structure, and culture perception, to reflect citizens psychology priority weight. it keys to north-south gap problem, by the way on economy development and public affairs management education to pass the society shift test and resolve problem. The subject is citizen, tests in sample 531and568 .The research findings: ¡]i¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen value priority weight: post-materialist¡]32% vs21%¡^,materialist¡]65% vs72%¡^,mixed type¡]3% vs7%¡^. ¡]ii¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen morality cognition priority weight: fairness¡]38% vs31%¡^, careness¡]42% vs47%¡^, fairness/ careness¡]20% vs22%¡^ ¡]iii¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen social capital priority weight: interpersonal trust¡]44% vs44%¡^, network structure¡]27%vs19%¡^, culture perception¡]29%vs37%¡^. The results reflect that Kasohsiung city holds tradition society state; Taipei city owns modern society state.

Abstract ¡§The industry is the basis of financial industry and the financial industry is the industrial backing¡¨. The industry and the finance should originally complement one another, interdependence. However, bilateral trade is very fast, but the bilateral financial cooperation is relatively slow. Until the financial tsunami and second time ¡§Jiang Chen Huiliou¡¨, bilateral finance cooperation warms day by day. There are many reasons affecting cross-strait finance corporations. Based on the literature review, this study divides the factors into the areas of the economy, the risk and the cooperation mechanism; and it chooses five cues of ¡§increase finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the political risk¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨ by conducting interviews with masters of financial industry, the official staffs and professors. With the research method of Social Judgment Theory, as the foundation design questionnaire, will treated financial staffs, local citizens and government staffs in order to examine whether disparate groups have different cognitions toward the five cues. Total questionnaire are 460, recycling 402 and the effective questionnaire are 256. Interviews with experts and the survey analysis result in the following findings: 1.All experts pay high attention on ¡§the political risk¡¨ and ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ followed by ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§promotes competency of financial industry¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨. 2.In the average weights, all groups pay attention ¡§the political risk¡¨ followed by ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨, ¡§the communication of people¡¨ and ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨. 3.In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitudes toward the three cues:¡¨ promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨, ¡§and increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨. On the cue of ¡§the communication of people¡¨ have positive attitude and U-curves. Finally, all groups have negative attitude toward ¡§the political risk¡¨. 4.There are statistical findings in T-test and ANOVA: (1)After T-test, there are significant differences in ¡§the political risk¡¨ for all groups and the rest of cues are insignificant. (2)There are significant differences in ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨ among different groups of area. The rest of cues are insignificant among the groups of different area. (3)There are significant in ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨ and ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨ among the groups of different decades. The groups of different work experience have significant in ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨.

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Politicians and media elites have been calling for a return to civility in United States politics, and the vast majority of citizens agree that civility is necessary for a strong democracy. Yet incivility is an ever-present and misunderstood part of politics. In my dissertation, I focus on news, politics, and incivility by asking three questions. First, to what extent does news coverage portray political conflict as uncivil? Second, what political behaviors do citizens perceive as uncivil? Finally, how does news that portrays politics as uncivil affect citizens? I used a mixed method approach to answer these questions. I, first, conducted a content analysis of news surrounding four high-conflict political events to determine whether two conflict frames (interpersonal-level and public-level conflict) emerged. Second, I conducted two experiments and drew from social judgment theory to determine whether citizens perceived multiple types of incivility and whether their partisanship influenced how acceptable they found political behaviors to be. In a final experiment, I tested whether exposure to mediated conflict frames prompted perceptions of incivility from citizens and affected their reactions to politics. This project makes clear that news coverage of conflict emphasizes incivility and negatively affects citizens. Media elites shape political conflict using interpersonal-level and public-level conflict frames. Citizens perceive both types of conflict, as well, and tend to think that likeminded partisans are behaving appropriately while counter-attitudinal partisans are behaving badly. Finally, and importantly, the coverage of political conflict affects citizens in troublesome ways. Particularly when both types of conflict frames are present in the news, citizens feel more anxiety and aversion, have decreased levels of favorability toward political institutions, and think of political arguments in partisan ways. Overall, I conclude that incivility is not stable. Instead, incivility is a two-dimensional concept that is shaped by the media, perceived by citizens, and advanced by partisans. By recognizing these dimensions of incivility, researchers may find new and important effects of incivility, and people interested in ridding politics of incivility may be more successful by beginning with the recognition that what is uncivil to one person is not always uncivil to another. / text