The goal of this project is to obtain quantitative images of the lens and the ciliary body to validate EVAS-II (Second generation Ex Vivo Accommodation Simulator). To accomplish this goal it was necessary to develop methods, instrumentation and image processing techniques to acquire 3D images in EVAS-II, using UBM (Ultrasound Bio Microscope), and to apply these techniques to non-human primate eyes. The lens studies included measurement of speed of sound in the lens to reconstruct accurate images of the lens, development of instrumentation to measure the un-distorted lens shape and development of a mathematical model to quantify the whole lens shape. Speed measurements showed that the speed of sound exhibits a gradient profile in the equatorial plane, similar to refractive index and protein distributions in the lens. Lens shape measurements showed that the UBM can be used to accurately measure thickness, diameter, cross-sectional area, volume and surface area of the lens. The ciliary body studies included development of instrumentation and algorithms to obtain 3-D images of tissue in EVAS-II and development of methodology to quantify ciliary body movement during stretching. Studies showed that the accommodation process in young baboon eyes in EVAS-II is comparable to the in vivo process in rhesus monkeys. The UBM can be used to obtain reliable quantitative information about the lens and the ciliary body. 3-D UBM enables monitoring of ciliary body motion of the entire accommodative apparatus.

It is widely accepted in our society that people’s paralinguistic (i.e., non-semantic characteristics of the voice) and nonverbal (i.e., posture, gestures, and facial expressions) behaviours play an important role in conveying information about their personality traits. Two particularly relevant traits include one’s preferred levels of dominance and affiliation, which are the two major axes of the interpersonal circumplex. The current study investigates how dominance and affiliation are conveyed through paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviour using a lens model framework. Two major issues addressed by this framework include: 1) How do observers make inferences about people’s dominance and affiliation using paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours and 2) How do people’s trait dominance and affiliation relate to these behavioural cues? To examine these two questions, we collected data from 114 opposite-sex dyads who worked together to complete a relatively unstructured collaborative task. The videotaped interactions were coded for specific paralinguistic (e.g., pitch, volume, resonance) and nonverbal (e.g., hand gestures, trunk posture, facial expressions) behaviours, in addition to coding more global displays of dominance and affiliation. Participants also completed several measures of trait dominance and affiliation, which tapped both their relatively conscious (i.e., explicit) and their relatively unconscious (i.e., implicit) levels of these traits. Our findings suggest that observers used mainly paralinguistic behaviour to infer dominance and mainly nonverbal behaviour to infer affiliation. In comparison to observers’ perceptions, there were fewer significant relations between individuals’ self-reported trait dominance and affiliation and the nonverbal and paralinguistic behaviours they expressed during the interaction, suggesting that people may have limited conscious awareness of how these behaviours convey information about their trait dominance and affiliation. In line with this idea, several behaviours showed relations to implicit measures of trait dominance and affiliation. We also conducted factor analyses of the measured paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours, to examine whether or not these behaviours might co-occur as subsets or factors. We found that paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours can be captured by overarching factors which relate meaningfully to measures of dominance and affiliation. Finally, we demonstrated that dyad members’ paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours become interdependent as they interact with one another.

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It is widely accepted in our society that people’s paralinguistic (i.e., non-semantic characteristics of the voice) and nonverbal (i.e., posture, gestures, and facial expressions) behaviours play an important role in conveying information about their personality traits. Two particularly relevant traits include one’s preferred levels of dominance and affiliation, which are the two major axes of the interpersonal circumplex. The current study investigates how dominance and affiliation are conveyed through paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviour using a lens model framework. Two major issues addressed by this framework include: 1) How do observers make inferences about people’s dominance and affiliation using paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours and 2) How do people’s trait dominance and affiliation relate to these behavioural cues? To examine these two questions, we collected data from 114 opposite-sex dyads who worked together to complete a relatively unstructured collaborative task. The videotaped interactions were coded for specific paralinguistic (e.g., pitch, volume, resonance) and nonverbal (e.g., hand gestures, trunk posture, facial expressions) behaviours, in addition to coding more global displays of dominance and affiliation. Participants also completed several measures of trait dominance and affiliation, which tapped both their relatively conscious (i.e., explicit) and their relatively unconscious (i.e., implicit) levels of these traits. Our findings suggest that observers used mainly paralinguistic behaviour to infer dominance and mainly nonverbal behaviour to infer affiliation. In comparison to observers’ perceptions, there were fewer significant relations between individuals’ self-reported trait dominance and affiliation and the nonverbal and paralinguistic behaviours they expressed during the interaction, suggesting that people may have limited conscious awareness of how these behaviours convey information about their trait dominance and affiliation. In line with this idea, several behaviours showed relations to implicit measures of trait dominance and affiliation. We also conducted factor analyses of the measured paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours, to examine whether or not these behaviours might co-occur as subsets or factors. We found that paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours can be captured by overarching factors which relate meaningfully to measures of dominance and affiliation. Finally, we demonstrated that dyad members’ paralinguistic and nonverbal behaviours become interdependent as they interact with one another.

Titel: “En experimentell studie om användningen av ekonomisk information vid kreditbedömning” Inledning: I de flesta företag uppstår det någon gång ett behov av att öka företagets kapital. Ett sätt för företag att öka sitt kapital är att söka kredit hos en bank. Det ställs höga krav på bankerna att de har bra underlag för att bevilja företag en kredit. Kreditbedömaren måste samla in en mängd olika informationskällor för att de ska ha möjlighet att göra en korrekt bedömning. Revisionsberättelsen är en av de informationskällor som kreditbedömare kan använda i sin kreditbedömning. Den 15 december 2016 infördes nya standarder gällande revisionsberättelsen. De nya standarderna innebär förändringar i revisionsberättelsens utseende och innehåll vilket kan ha påverkat användarnas arbete. Även tidigare erfarenhet verkar enligt tidigare studier ha en avgörande betydelse vid kreditbedömningar. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka och förstå huruvida olika informationskällor används olika i en kreditbedömning beroende på om beslutsfattaren besitter erfarenhet eller inte. Slutligen kommer studien även se till om detaljeringsgraden i revisionsberättelsen påverkar dess informationsvärde för de som ska bedöma en kredit. Metod: Genom en experimentell studiedesign har två delstudier upprättats. Den första består av en kvasiexperimentell enkät som skickats ut till både erfarna och oerfarna. I enkäten har den nya alternativt gamla revisionsberättelsen medföljt. Enkäten testar dels om bedömningen av olika informationskällor får olika utfall beroende på om respondenten har erfarenhet eller inte samt om respondenten tagit del av den nya eller gamla revisionsberättelsen. Delstudie två består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med både erfarna kreditbedömare och oerfarna studenter och innehar en deduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Det finns inga bevis på att erfarenheten påverkar om en kredit beviljas eller inte. Inte heller enskilda ekonomiska informationskällor påverkar ett beslut om kredit. Att förändra innehållet i starkt institutionaliserade dokument påverkar inte bedömningen eller beslutet vilket gjort att den nya revisionsberättelsen inte kan ses som en bidragande hjälp för personer som arbetar med kreditbedömning av företag. / Background: In most companies, there is sometimes a need to increase the company’s capital. One way for companies to increase their capital is to do a credit application in a bank. The creditor at the bank has to collect a lots of information to make it possible to do a correct assessment. One part of the information that can be used in a credit assessment is the audit report. In 15 December 2016 new standards from IAASB were introduced for the audit report. The new standards imply changes in the audit report's appearance and content, which may have affected users' daily work. Also previous experience seems, according to previous studies, to be important in credit assessments. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate and to understand whether different financial information sources are used differently in a credit assessment depending on whether the decision maker has experience or not. Finally, the study will also ensure that the degree of detail in the audit report affect the information value. Method: The study has an experimental study design where two substudies have been established. The first one consists of a experimental survey sent to both experienced and inexperienced. In the survey, the new alternative to the old audit report has been included. The survey tests whether the assessment of different sources of information has different outcomes depending on whether the respondent has experience or not. It also tests whether the respondent has taken part in the new or old audit report. The second studie consists of semistructured interviews with both experienced creditors and inexperienced students and has a deductible approach. Conclusions: There is no evidence that the experience affects whether a credit is granted or not. Neither individual parts of the annual report affect the outcome of the credit. Changing the content of highly institutionalized documents does not affect the assessment or decision, which has meant that the new audit report can not be seen as a contributing help for individuals who work with creditors to companies. Keywords: The use of information in credit assessment, Credit assessment, Experience, The new audit report, The Brunswiks Lens Model.

In recent years, New Media such as internet not only impacted old media but also widely used by citizenship. For example, Thousands of internet users set up a voluntary "Morakot Typhoon disaster network center" raised supplies and reported the latest disaster in remote mountainous areas in 2009. January 2011 People in Egypt also used a network of new media to raise citizen to demonstrate their anger of government, they finally attracted international attention. These phenomena have demonstrated new media's power and influence. ¡@¡@This study explores the factors and cognitive attitudes of citizens when they through a network use new media to participate in public affairs. The factors were chosen from literatures and corresponded to PAM (integrated public affair management framework). Five decision-making variables (cues) of this study are "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", "self-ability", "anonymous degree ", and "the issue of topic". Questionnaire was based on Social Judgment Theory, SJT. Both physical survey questionnaires and internet questionnaires were disseminated to new media users. Total questionnaires are 152 and valid questionnaires are 88. Through statistical software policy PC to understand the subject's decision-making for these five variables in the cognitive approach. The results are as follows: 1. In the average weights, the most important cue for all groups is "anonymous degree" followed by "self-ability", "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", and "the issue of topic". 2. In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitude toward the three cues: "selfish - altruism", "self-ability" and "anonymous degree". All groups have U-curve attitude toward the cue:"support from peer". All groups have positive attitude and U-curve attitude toward the cue:"the issue of topic".

Conflict Management in Pluralistic Societies: Aspect of Judgment Analysis. Abstract Interpersonal Conflict in pluralistic societies has been analyzed into¡§Fact Conflict¡¨(mutual interference in beliefs) and¡§Value Conflict¡¨ (mutual interference in preferences ), The interpersonal conflict can be caused by purely cognitive factors, that¡¦s to say, the fact conflict and value conflict can be treated together under the general rubric of¡§Cognitive Conflict¡¨. The growing of locally environmental disputes concerning large scale publicdecision-makings, such as the cases of constructions of Fifth Naphtha Cracking Plant,Fourth Nuclear Power Plant, and Meinung Dam etc., have raised enormous socialcost in recent years. One of the main causes of above mentioned disputes is cognitiveconflict. Among various efforts against problem of cognitive conflict, The Social JudgmentTheory, SJT, and the Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, CCP, have been confirmed to beone of the effective approaches to settle the problem of cognitive conflict. Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. Cognitive Conflict Paradigm is to provide a scenario to uncover information concerning cognitive conflict. It¡¦s an experimental laboratory method that involves two stages: (1)Training stage in which two subjects are trained in such a way that each learns to think differently about a common set of problems, and(2)Conflict stage in which the two subjects are brought together and attempt to arrive at a joint decisions concerning the problems. Through Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, the investigator can observe two persons offering conflicting answers, efforts to cope with differences and arrive at a joint decision, in fact, observe the effect of the experience on their cognitive change and the efforts to solve subsequent problems. In this study, a series of simulated decision making task about Meinung Dam construction and the Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research fingings of this study include: 1. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Single cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of joint decision quality. 4. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 5. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 6. The most constructive result obtained in this study was that we had presented a conceptual framework, research paradigm, and conflict management procedure generated from the application of Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm to analyze and solve the conflict problems in pluralistic societies. These framework, paradigm, and procedure should be useful to subsequent cognitive conflict researchers and practical public decision making. Keywords¡GPluralistic Societies, Judgment Analysis ,Lens Model, Social Judgment Theory, Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, Outcome Feedback, Cognitive Feedback.

Taiwan society had evolved in the past 15 years, and the citizens had more opportunities to participate in puclic policy decisions.However, the formation of the policy about Mainland China in Taiwan is a very diffcult thing. A lot of different opinions and ideology we can not control. Coping with Mainland China affairs is invitable to Taiwan. No matter economic, politics or society, Taiwan always faces the menace of the Mainland China. Therefore, making a good Mainland China policy is important. Cohering a common comsensus is also essential.And Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. In this study, a serious of simulated decision maing tast about importing Mainland China talent and the Social Jugdement Theory and Cognition Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research prove : 1.Cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3.Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. Comparing Taiwan with Mainland China MPA students, we can find the students in Taiwan and Mainland China are all concerning about the cues variable of polotics. They all think the politics is the most important variable about the strait affairs.

¡@Because the public take account of ecological and environmental protection, there are many conflicts between the public and constructors to trigger many obstacles and duels in construction of many infrastructures. Thus, tradeoff between environment, lives, property and economic benefits is a big problem. In the researches of plural public affairs decision making and cognition impact management problems, practical researches found that Hammond(1965, 1975, 1996) developed SJT(Social Judgement Theory) from Lens model and had significant effects and contributions for analysis of public affairs decision making. The thesis uses SJT and studies cognition conflict management on representative case of environmental protection ¡¥the construction of CPC Yung-An LNG¡¦ in Taiwan. ¡@CPC Yung-An LNG began construction in May in 1984. Because environmental consciousness rose, the public gave relief to themselves when encountering environmental pollution. Negligence of communication with the village and of good-neighborliness makes the village not make allow and trigger Yung-An village dueled. This study bases on economic environment, gathers relative literatures and presents four controversial and representative topic for decision variables. They are individually ¡¥X1(benefit of construction of the firm)¡¦ and ¡¥X2(subsidies for the residents)¡¦ for economy, ¡¥X3(threat for ecology and environment)¡¦ for environment and ¡¥X4(threat for lives and property)¡¦ for both economy and society. ¡@This study uses SJT on the construction of ¡¥CPC Yung-An LNG¡¦ for cognition conflict management. The results are as below: (i)Government has higher stability and consistency of making decision than the residents. (ii)Government and the residents have significant difference for weight mean values of X1, X2 and X4. And they are the conflicts between them. (iii)Men and women have no significant difference for weight mean values of all decision variables. (iv)The older deciders have higher emphasis on X3 than the younger. But they have no significant difference for weight mean values of the other decision variables. (v)Lower educational background deciders have higher emphasis on X4, and there is no significant difference for all the other decision variables. (vi)There is no significant difference for weight mean values of all decision variables between core and border area. ¡@Finally, the study gets the judging principles of government and the residents. They are ¡¦average weights¡¦ and ¡¥function types¡¦ of all decision variables. Then, we use ¡¥specify¡¦ on Policy PC 3.0 software to make estimated judging table for all decision situations for government and the residents. Looking into the table can estimate the acceptance of government and the residents for all combinations of decision variables when making policies. We also can use the table to estimate the change of acceptance of government and the residents when any decision variables improve, and the authorizations can use the resources for the most efficient and effective applications when proposing improving methods.

Abstract ¡§The industry is the basis of financial industry and the financial industry is the industrial backing¡¨. The industry and the finance should originally complement one another, interdependence. However, bilateral trade is very fast, but the bilateral financial cooperation is relatively slow. Until the financial tsunami and second time ¡§Jiang Chen Huiliou¡¨, bilateral finance cooperation warms day by day. There are many reasons affecting cross-strait finance corporations. Based on the literature review, this study divides the factors into the areas of the economy, the risk and the cooperation mechanism; and it chooses five cues of ¡§increase finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the political risk¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨ by conducting interviews with masters of financial industry, the official staffs and professors. With the research method of Social Judgment Theory, as the foundation design questionnaire, will treated financial staffs, local citizens and government staffs in order to examine whether disparate groups have different cognitions toward the five cues. Total questionnaire are 460, recycling 402 and the effective questionnaire are 256. Interviews with experts and the survey analysis result in the following findings: 1.All experts pay high attention on ¡§the political risk¡¨ and ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ followed by ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§promotes competency of financial industry¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨. 2.In the average weights, all groups pay attention ¡§the political risk¡¨ followed by ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨, ¡§the communication of people¡¨ and ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨. 3.In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitudes toward the three cues:¡¨ promoting competency of financial industry¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨, ¡§and increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨. On the cue of ¡§the communication of people¡¨ have positive attitude and U-curves. Finally, all groups have negative attitude toward ¡§the political risk¡¨. 4.There are statistical findings in T-test and ANOVA: (1)After T-test, there are significant differences in ¡§the political risk¡¨ for all groups and the rest of cues are insignificant. (2)There are significant differences in ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨, ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨ and ¡§the communication of people¡¨ among different groups of area. The rest of cues are insignificant among the groups of different area. (3)There are significant in ¡§increases finance of the Taiwanese enterprises¡¨ and ¡§promoting competency of financial industry¡¨ among the groups of different decades. The groups of different work experience have significant in ¡§the cooperation of financial supervision¡¨.