This thesis is concerned with social aspects of early Christianity. It considers the social origins and careers of the early Christians, as far as they can be traced in the scanty and fragmented evidence. The spread of Christianity is examined in relation to the prevailing social and economic conditions of the Roman world in the first centuries AD, The Christian attitudes to slavery and the penetration of Christianity into the countryside are discussed at some length. The evidence considered does not justify the traditional views which regard early Christianity as a religion of the underprivileged and the oppressed. Except for the imperial slaves and a small number of favourites of Christian masters, slaves, as far as it can be established, were not eager to embrace the new relegion, while in-the countyside, Christianity seems to have found its first adherants among the landowning and Hellenized peasants. In the cities, besides bankers, artisans and prosperous freedmen, Christianity attracted, as it is illustrated, many people of leisure, education and wealth. Overall, it is maintained, that although in principle Christianity drew its members from all social classes and groups, professing egalitarian doctrines, it was in effect more successful with the middle classes of the cities, which it organized under the leadership of wealthy and highly educated church officials. Millennial and prophetic tendencies, with strong social implications, such as were manifest among the first generation of Christians, survived or were revived only as marginal phenomena, especially in the countryside. Mainstream Christianity advocated and encouraged strict observance of the existing social order.

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The Bahamas has many of the challenges that come with being a small island state. The archipelagic nature of the country brings with it the necessity to duplicate service efforts to accommodate all citizens in the development process; this factor puts a strain on the government's resources, and the need for civil society to fill the gaps that exist and partner with government is more pronounced. This study is pursued to examine the relationship between civil society and government in small island states such as The Bahamas. To accomplish this, the study reviews six civil society organizations, from three different sectors — health, education and environment. An organization from each sector was chosen, formed either during the colonial period or post-colonial, to examine the nature of the organization's relationship with government at two different points in time, in an effort to see whether the relationship differs based on the particular non-profit sector (health, education or environment) or time of origin (colonial or post-colonial). This relationship is reviewed through the lens of three variables: the nature of the financial relationship the policy relationship, and structure relationship. The relationship will be viewed through the lens of social origins theory as developed by Lester Salamon (2002) et. al. The research will be based on data collected using the same instrument applied by Salamon et al in the initial study, but the variables will be applied at the level of an organization, rather than a sector. Data is also drawn from interviews with persons associated with each organization. A review of the type of relationship government has with these civil society groups (and the implications of those relationships on performance) may provide insight in the way government should seek to foster and manage relationships with such organizations in the future for the growth and development of the country. / Ph. D. / The Bahamas has many of the challenges that come with being a small island state. The archipelagic nature of the country brings with it the necessity to duplicate service efforts to accommodate all citizens in the development process; this factor puts a strain on the government’s resources, and the need for civil society to fill the gaps that exist and partner with government is more pronounced. This study is pursued to examine the relationship between civil society and government in small island states such as The Bahamas. To accomplish this, the study reviews six civil society organizations, from three different sectors – health, education and environment. An organization from each sector was chosen, formed either during the colonial period or post-colonial, to examine the nature of the organization’s relationship with government at two different points in time, in an effort to see whether the relationship differs based on the particular non-profit sector (health, education or environment) or time of origin (colonial or post-colonial). This relationship is reviewed through the lens of three variables: the nature of the financial relationship the policy relationship, and structure relationship. The relationship is discussed through the lens of social origins theory that has a key thrust that the shape and size of the civil society sector can be predicted when examining the social class and power relationships seen in the society. Most of the studies done in the past have been on larger countries and this exploratory examination of civil society in a small state confronted with vulnerabilities provides insight on how government can foster relationships with civil society.

Este estudo está inserido na temática da formação de elites dirigentes no Brasil e tem como objetivo analisar as origens sociais, trajetórias sociais e profissionais, os recursos sociais herdados e adquiridos e os respectivos princípios de legitimação de uma elite técnica do Estado brasileiro no período compreendido entre 1930 e 1945, em nível nacional, que, especificamente, foi composta por seis homens que ocuparam posições de direção no Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (DASP) durante o Estado Novo: Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres; Rafael da Silva Xavier; Luiz Simões Lopes; Moacir Ribeiro Briggs; Murilo Braga de Carvalho; e Mário Bittencourt Sampaio. Tomando como ponto de partida a condição periférica da sociedade brasileira e, consequentemente, a inexistência de estruturas sociais em que o título profissional seja o principal princípio de hierarquização, propõe-se tornar explícito os condicionantes sociais e culturais de formação dessa elite que atuou como mediadora na importação de modelos e princípios da Administração Científica norteamericana. Analisando as transformações ocorridas na estrutura organizativa e institucional do Estado no período, aponta-se a adaptação dos bens simbólicos importados para um contexto que diverge do de origem e evidencia-se a continuidade das interseções entre a esfera burocrática e a esfera política. Frente à proximidade dos universos sociais com a política, examina-se as origens sociais e as trajetórias sociais e profissionais dos agentes enfocados pelo estudo e evidencia-se os tipos de recursos e os modos como foram acumulados e acionados por eles para a realização de trajetórias de êxito no Estado. Destacase, como resultado, a utilização de recursos diversos que permitem a reprodução de grupos já socialmente dominantes, as relações dos trunfos sociais como a posse de redes de relações sociais e um capital simbólico personificado com o acesso e a manutenção de posições sociais dominantes, e, em função destes mecanismos pessoais de dominação e inserções nas redes de reciprocidade, as redefinições dos trunfos profissionais e princípios administrativos importados nas lutas políticas pelo controle do Estado e pela autoridade legítima de construir a nação. / This study is inserted under the scenery of the formation of ruling elites in Brazil and intends to analyse the social origins, social and professional trajectories, inherited and acquired social resources and its principles of legitimacy of a technical elite of the Brazilian state in the period between 1930 and 1945 at the national level, specifically composed by six men who occupied leadership positions in the Administrative Department of Public Service (DASP) during the Estado Novo: Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres; Rafael da Silva Xavier; Luiz Simões Lopes; Moacir Ribeiro Briggs; Murilo Braga de Carvalho; and Mario Bittencourt Sampaio. Taking as its starting point the peripheral condition of Brazilian society and, consequently, the absence of social structures in which the professional title is the main hierarchical principle, it is proposed to make explicit the social and cultural conditions of formation of such elite who acted as a mediator in the importing process of models, principles and ideologies of the North American Scientific Management. By analysing the changes occurred in the organizational and institutional structure of the national in this period, is appointed the adaptation of the symbolic goods imported into a context that differs from its source and is demonstrated the continuity of the intersections between both the bureaucratic sphere and the political sphere. In face of the proximity of different social universes with politics, it is examined the social origins as well as the social and professional trajectory of these six agents focused by this study and it is highlighted the types of resources and different ways they were managed which leaded them to some well-succeeded trajectories in the State. It is highlighted, as a conclusion: a) the usage of several resources that allowed the reproduction of existing socially dominant groups; b) the relationship between both social resources such as the possession of social networks and symbolic capital based on the person and the access and maintenance of ruling positions; c) according to these personal mechanisms of domination and insertions on reciprocity relations, occurs the redefinitions and reappropriations of professional assets and the imported administrative principles as an resource in the political struggles for the control of the state and the legitimate authority to build the nation.

Este estudo está inserido na temática da formação de elites dirigentes no Brasil e tem como objetivo analisar as origens sociais, trajetórias sociais e profissionais, os recursos sociais herdados e adquiridos e os respectivos princípios de legitimação de uma elite técnica do Estado brasileiro no período compreendido entre 1930 e 1945, em nível nacional, que, especificamente, foi composta por seis homens que ocuparam posições de direção no Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (DASP) durante o Estado Novo: Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres; Rafael da Silva Xavier; Luiz Simões Lopes; Moacir Ribeiro Briggs; Murilo Braga de Carvalho; e Mário Bittencourt Sampaio. Tomando como ponto de partida a condição periférica da sociedade brasileira e, consequentemente, a inexistência de estruturas sociais em que o título profissional seja o principal princípio de hierarquização, propõe-se tornar explícito os condicionantes sociais e culturais de formação dessa elite que atuou como mediadora na importação de modelos e princípios da Administração Científica norteamericana. Analisando as transformações ocorridas na estrutura organizativa e institucional do Estado no período, aponta-se a adaptação dos bens simbólicos importados para um contexto que diverge do de origem e evidencia-se a continuidade das interseções entre a esfera burocrática e a esfera política. Frente à proximidade dos universos sociais com a política, examina-se as origens sociais e as trajetórias sociais e profissionais dos agentes enfocados pelo estudo e evidencia-se os tipos de recursos e os modos como foram acumulados e acionados por eles para a realização de trajetórias de êxito no Estado. Destacase, como resultado, a utilização de recursos diversos que permitem a reprodução de grupos já socialmente dominantes, as relações dos trunfos sociais como a posse de redes de relações sociais e um capital simbólico personificado com o acesso e a manutenção de posições sociais dominantes, e, em função destes mecanismos pessoais de dominação e inserções nas redes de reciprocidade, as redefinições dos trunfos profissionais e princípios administrativos importados nas lutas políticas pelo controle do Estado e pela autoridade legítima de construir a nação. / This study is inserted under the scenery of the formation of ruling elites in Brazil and intends to analyse the social origins, social and professional trajectories, inherited and acquired social resources and its principles of legitimacy of a technical elite of the Brazilian state in the period between 1930 and 1945 at the national level, specifically composed by six men who occupied leadership positions in the Administrative Department of Public Service (DASP) during the Estado Novo: Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres; Rafael da Silva Xavier; Luiz Simões Lopes; Moacir Ribeiro Briggs; Murilo Braga de Carvalho; and Mario Bittencourt Sampaio. Taking as its starting point the peripheral condition of Brazilian society and, consequently, the absence of social structures in which the professional title is the main hierarchical principle, it is proposed to make explicit the social and cultural conditions of formation of such elite who acted as a mediator in the importing process of models, principles and ideologies of the North American Scientific Management. By analysing the changes occurred in the organizational and institutional structure of the national in this period, is appointed the adaptation of the symbolic goods imported into a context that differs from its source and is demonstrated the continuity of the intersections between both the bureaucratic sphere and the political sphere. In face of the proximity of different social universes with politics, it is examined the social origins as well as the social and professional trajectory of these six agents focused by this study and it is highlighted the types of resources and different ways they were managed which leaded them to some well-succeeded trajectories in the State. It is highlighted, as a conclusion: a) the usage of several resources that allowed the reproduction of existing socially dominant groups; b) the relationship between both social resources such as the possession of social networks and symbolic capital based on the person and the access and maintenance of ruling positions; c) according to these personal mechanisms of domination and insertions on reciprocity relations, occurs the redefinitions and reappropriations of professional assets and the imported administrative principles as an resource in the political struggles for the control of the state and the legitimate authority to build the nation.

Este estudo está inserido na temática da formação de elites dirigentes no Brasil e tem como objetivo analisar as origens sociais, trajetórias sociais e profissionais, os recursos sociais herdados e adquiridos e os respectivos princípios de legitimação de uma elite técnica do Estado brasileiro no período compreendido entre 1930 e 1945, em nível nacional, que, especificamente, foi composta por seis homens que ocuparam posições de direção no Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (DASP) durante o Estado Novo: Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres; Rafael da Silva Xavier; Luiz Simões Lopes; Moacir Ribeiro Briggs; Murilo Braga de Carvalho; e Mário Bittencourt Sampaio. Tomando como ponto de partida a condição periférica da sociedade brasileira e, consequentemente, a inexistência de estruturas sociais em que o título profissional seja o principal princípio de hierarquização, propõe-se tornar explícito os condicionantes sociais e culturais de formação dessa elite que atuou como mediadora na importação de modelos e princípios da Administração Científica norteamericana. Analisando as transformações ocorridas na estrutura organizativa e institucional do Estado no período, aponta-se a adaptação dos bens simbólicos importados para um contexto que diverge do de origem e evidencia-se a continuidade das interseções entre a esfera burocrática e a esfera política. Frente à proximidade dos universos sociais com a política, examina-se as origens sociais e as trajetórias sociais e profissionais dos agentes enfocados pelo estudo e evidencia-se os tipos de recursos e os modos como foram acumulados e acionados por eles para a realização de trajetórias de êxito no Estado. Destacase, como resultado, a utilização de recursos diversos que permitem a reprodução de grupos já socialmente dominantes, as relações dos trunfos sociais como a posse de redes de relações sociais e um capital simbólico personificado com o acesso e a manutenção de posições sociais dominantes, e, em função destes mecanismos pessoais de dominação e inserções nas redes de reciprocidade, as redefinições dos trunfos profissionais e princípios administrativos importados nas lutas políticas pelo controle do Estado e pela autoridade legítima de construir a nação. / This study is inserted under the scenery of the formation of ruling elites in Brazil and intends to analyse the social origins, social and professional trajectories, inherited and acquired social resources and its principles of legitimacy of a technical elite of the Brazilian state in the period between 1930 and 1945 at the national level, specifically composed by six men who occupied leadership positions in the Administrative Department of Public Service (DASP) during the Estado Novo: Jorge Oscar de Mello Flôres; Rafael da Silva Xavier; Luiz Simões Lopes; Moacir Ribeiro Briggs; Murilo Braga de Carvalho; and Mario Bittencourt Sampaio. Taking as its starting point the peripheral condition of Brazilian society and, consequently, the absence of social structures in which the professional title is the main hierarchical principle, it is proposed to make explicit the social and cultural conditions of formation of such elite who acted as a mediator in the importing process of models, principles and ideologies of the North American Scientific Management. By analysing the changes occurred in the organizational and institutional structure of the national in this period, is appointed the adaptation of the symbolic goods imported into a context that differs from its source and is demonstrated the continuity of the intersections between both the bureaucratic sphere and the political sphere. In face of the proximity of different social universes with politics, it is examined the social origins as well as the social and professional trajectory of these six agents focused by this study and it is highlighted the types of resources and different ways they were managed which leaded them to some well-succeeded trajectories in the State. It is highlighted, as a conclusion: a) the usage of several resources that allowed the reproduction of existing socially dominant groups; b) the relationship between both social resources such as the possession of social networks and symbolic capital based on the person and the access and maintenance of ruling positions; c) according to these personal mechanisms of domination and insertions on reciprocity relations, occurs the redefinitions and reappropriations of professional assets and the imported administrative principles as an resource in the political struggles for the control of the state and the legitimate authority to build the nation.