Dans un système de retraite composé de plusieurs régimes, la compensation est une technique financière qui consiste à opérer des transferts : les régimes dont les ressortissants sont les plus jeunes doivent payer pour ceux dans lesquels ils sont plus âgés. Le principal dispositif de compensation a été instauré par la loi n° 74-1094 du 24 décembre 1974. En 2011, il produit des transferts de 7,5 milliards d'euros entre les régimes de retraite de base. Toutefois, les modalités de ces transferts de compensation reposent sur des bases juridiques confuses et fragiles. Et les pressions financières qui s'exercent aujourd'hui sur les régimes rendent une nouvelle réforme des retraites inéluctable. / When there are different pension schemes in a social security system, compensation operates financial transfers between them. Pension schemes with youngest members have to pay for the oldest. The main compensation was established in 1974 (law 74-1094 / 24 december 1974). In 2011, it generates transfers for 7,5 billions euros in the first pension pillar. However, the terms of such transfers are legally confused. And financial pressures exerted onpension make a new reform inevitable.

Historical Evolution of Social Security and its Types The topic of the thesis is "Historical Evolution of Social Security and its Types" and its main purpose is to describe how social security works during different eras and also to analyze how particular points of view have changed. Various approaches occurred in more than three thousand-year history of social security. Some of them are up-to-date even today and another are useless for practical implementation into contemporary social security systems. This comparison is also one goal of the study. I have chosen the topic because every individual is interested in its living standard in case of getting ill, becoming disabled, old age etc. but there are only few studies examining social security from legal angles. The paper is divided into three main chapters. First chapter is introductory and composes of three parts. Part One defines basic terminology used in the paper e.g. social security and its special Czech equivalent "sociální zabezbečení" as well as social services and social welfare. Part Two explain aims and aspects of social security. And finally Part Three presents basic principles which create some sort of ideological background. Second chapter is subdivided into six parts and each of them has from three to six subparts. The whole chapter focuses...

Thesis advisor: Matthew S. Rutledge / Thesis advisor: Christopher F. Baum / Social insurance programs exist in the United States to help workers maintain their standard of living across different states of the world. Examples include unemployment insurance, which aids workers through the state of being unemployed, and Social Security, which supports workers through the state of retirement. The three essays in this dissertation study how these types of social insurance programs alter the decisions workers make in the labor market. The first and third essays focus on unemployment insurance, where the first essay focuses on how different types of workers make decisions in the presence of unemployment insurance and the third essay studies how all workers respond to changes in the provision of unemployment insurance. The second essay examines how Social Security retirement income influences the decision of late-career workers to participate in the labor market. All three essays emphasize that the willingness of workers to pursue a job in the labor market relies upon the social insurance available to them outside of employment. Theoretical models of optimal unemployment insurance predict that the job search and savings behavior of unemployed workers will partially be determined by how long a worker expects to remain unemployed. Empirical evidence suggests, however, that workers often underestimate the duration of their unemployment spell. These biased beliefs about the duration of unemployment among unemployed workers should therefore affect their job search and savings behavior. To date, no reliable data have been used to empirically analyze to what degree biased beliefs would change the behavior of unemployment workers. In the first essay, titled 'Biased Beliefs and Job Search: Implications for Optimal Unemployment Insurance,' I use a novel dataset, the Survey of Unemployed Workers in New Jersey, to evaluate how biased beliefs vary across unemployed workers and how they influence the behavior of those workers. I find that overly-optimistic unemployed workers underestimate the duration of their unemployment, leading them to spend 26 percent less time searching for a job each week than those with a pessimistic bias. I also find that overly-optimistic unemployed workers have over $8,500 less saved at any given point during an unemployment spell. These results suggest that unemployed workers with an optimistic bias would benefit from an information "nudge" that encourages increased search effort and could lead to faster reemployment. The first essay demonstrates how workers respond to the presence of social insurance when they are still focused on rejoining the labor market. That is, it provides evidence on the intensive margin. However, it does not say anything about how it would influence a worker's desire to participate in the labor market at all, on the extensive margin. In the second essay, 'Do Late-Career Wages Boost Social Security More for Women than Men?,' Matthew Rutledge and I estimate the incentives for older workers to continue working during their retirement-age years when they could be collecting Social Security. Any worker who delays claiming Social Security receives a larger monthly benefit because of the actuarial adjustment. Some claimants - particularly women, who are more likely to take time out of the labor force early in their careers - can further increase their benefits if the extra years of work raise their career average earnings by displacing lower-earning years. This essay uses the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to earnings records to quantify the impact of women's late-career earnings on Social Security benefits relative to men's. The essay finds that the average gain in Social Security retirement benefits from working one additional year raises women's monthly benefits by 8.6 percent, of which 1.6 percent is from late-career earnings. These results suggest that, especially among women, there are additional benefits to delaying claiming and further increasing the retirement age. Through both of the first two chapters, the parameters outlining the social insurance program were held constant. In reality, the rules of a social insurance program can change over time. Motivated by this possibility, my third chapter, 'The Impact of Unemployment Insurance Extensions on Worker Job-Search Behavior,' explores how reservation wages and job search effort respond to extensions of unemployment insurance. Current economic theory predicts that reservation wages should rise following an extension of potential benefit duration, while search effort should fall. Previous papers in this literature focus on the end result, which is that UI extensions result in prolonged unemployment spells. Using the Survey of Unemployed Workers in New Jersey, and the UI benefit extension in the United States in November 2009, this paper identifies the worker behaviors that lead to prolonged unemployment durations. Employing hypothesis testing and event study analysis, this study shows there are lagged, significant increases in reservation wages and decreases in search effort following the benefit extension. The results suggest that an alternative model of job search is needed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

This study attempts to understand the nature of the state and its relationship with its citizens. It explores this question through the study of one of the state’s institutions – the maintenance system; its conception of gender identities and relationships is examined. Through a close analysis of this system, and its effects on men and women, the thesis explores the making of contemporary gender identities in South Africa. The study also pays particular attention to current conceptions of what it means to be a man. The study examines men’s views of maintenance laws as they experience it, with a focus on the differing conceptions of fatherhood held by a range of men, and how they relate to hegemonic conceptions of masculinity espoused by the maintenance system. The study also looks at how these hegemonic understandings of masculinity limit the chances for men to be ‘successful’ fathers and fulfilled persons. The central premise of this thesis is that masculinity exists outside the realms of the natural and biological. Rather, it asserts that masculinity is embodied in social relations, which are constantly changing and are context-bound. Naturalised definitions of masculinity are limiting to fathers in a social, political and economic context which is shifting. This study is driven by the question: what options and alternatives are available to men and fathers with regards to role formation, especially in their interaction with the maintenance system and their relationships with their children?

This study investigates general equilibrium effects of an alternative social security policy in Indonesia. The study aims to analyse some financial issues of the proposed policy using a dynamic CGE model. The focus is investigating possible tax scenarios to finance the proposed policy and their impacts on the economy. The simulation results suggest that the consumption tax base should be used as the main financing method. This is because based on various simulations the selected consumption taxes have less negative impacts on the economy than the selected income taxes. Those selected consumption taxes more equitably distribute tax burden and improve income inequality in the long run. However, the increasing price because of this policy selection should also be considered seriously. The simulations also include the study of the demographic transition in Indonesia. A view that is common in the literature is that the rapid increase of labor force in the next three decades could raise the proportion of skilled workers in the labor force and enhance the economic growth. Instead the simulations suggest contrary results. When we repeat the tax/transfer simulations with the demographic transition, real GDP per capita and consumption per capita fall further below the baseline projections. Further simulations are conducted to investigate possible policy actions to mitigate the effects of this demographic transition. This study also covers possible allocation decision trade-offs surrounding the proposed social security policy. That is, the trade-offs between universal social pension insurance and universal social health insurance, and between universal tax-financed social security programs and other important development programs. Given the limitation of our study, that all stakeholders have agreed to develop a universal tax-financed social security program, we conclude that universal tax-financed social health insurance should be given more priority than universal tax-financed social pension insurance. The study concludes with some remarks regarding important areas for future research.

Abstract Since the peasant laborer community are the special social stratum which mainland China reform in system reforming has appeared, the so-called peasant laborer who on the occupation activities non-agricultural production in the rural enterprise or the cities, but the registered permanent address still in the countryside, the status was still farmer's worker. At present peasant laborer's scale has surpassed 140,000,000 populations, and forms a fixed social stratum in mainland China. These belong to the countryside labor force originally, along with the reform advancement, get out the countryside, places oneself row of in the city workers, also the population grows day by day. The labor force massive flowing bring popular rising problems, no matter it will be paying the more social cost to the city or the village, if the popular uprising question want to have the basic solution, not only need the law, but also promote the labor market to be perfect, enables the labor force the flowing to move towards outside the standardization, needs to begin to relieve exists since long ago in China's city and countryside dual system. The city farmer worker social security systems establishment is a project which an item so complex, not only it involves to the city and countryside many original system reforms and the innovation, but also involves to the social benefit and resources redistributing.Needs the conformity country, the society and individual strength. Farm labors, working in the cities as well as employed by industrial manufacturers, and have to face the same living standard and vocational risks as urban citizens, but they can¡¦t obtain the same social security welfare. When they had profession injury, illness or being unemployed, mostly they would face poverty and the deterioration of basic living standard. If farm labors¡¦ social security can implement in China will relate to the China stability, growth, and transformation and establishment of harmonized society.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2004. / Thesis directed by Teresa Ghilarducci for the Department of Economics. "April 2004." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-153).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-103).

This dissertation comprises three chapters. The first chapter estimates the crowd-out effect of Social Security on private retirement saving. In a quasi-experimental research design, I analyze the effect of the 1990 federal mandate of Social Security coverage for all state and local government employees who were not covered by an equivalent state pension. Using a sample of more than 12 million employer-employee observations on earnings and contributions to retirement plans, I find that Social Security coverage induces approximately 16% of those affected who had previously saved in private retirement plans to stop contributing. For those who continue contributing, Social Security coverage crowds out about 23% of pre-reform contributions.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy