Spelling suggestions: "subject:"socio economic"" "subject:"rocio economic""
51 |
Variation in Subgroup Value Orientations and Goodness of Fit with Dominant CultureHarrison, J. Daniel 01 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this research was to investigate certain value orientations of adult women of low socio-economic status in Dallas, Texas. Central to the approach to values relied upon in this research project was a concern for cultural integration and change. Of interest was a partial description of the degree of cultural integration and an partial description of strains that exist within the social systems under analysis: a group of 50 Negro women and a group of 50 white women.
|
52 |
Globalizace a její socioekonomické důsledky / Globalization and its Socio-economic ConsequencesRogoňová, Vendula January 2012 (has links)
Anotace: Diplomová práce je rozdělena do tří kapitol. První část je věnována úvodu do problematiky a snahy o uchopení tématu, které je velmi obšírné. Svoji pozornost jsem zaměřila především na názory odborníků z různých oblastí na problematiku globalizace. Dále pak na historický vývoj globalizace a její etapizaci a hlavní faktory ovlivňující globalizační procesy. Taktéž jsem se zmínila o vztahu globalizace, regionalismu a světové ekonomiky. V druhé části jsem přiblížila tři oblasti dopadů globalizačních procesů - oblast ekonomickou, ekologickou a sociální. V závěrečné části se již blíže věnuji vybraným důsledkům. Mým cílem bylo prokázat, nakolik globalizace ovlivňuje vybrané problémy a postihnout jak pozitivní, tak i negativní dopady. Abstract: The diploma thesis is divided into three chapters. The first part is devoted to an introduction to the problem and attempts to grasp a subject that is very wide. I focused my attention primarily on the views of experts from various scientific fields on the issue of globalization. Furthermore, the historical development of globalization and its phasing and the main factors influencing the processes of globalization. I also mentioned the relationship between globalization, regionalism and the global economy. In the second part, I approached the three areas of the...
|
53 |
The ratification of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, strategic litigation and the right of access to adequate housingRippenaar, Shéan Jamie January 2018 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / Access to adequate housing is an important socio-economic right and is of central importance for the enjoyment of all rights. The right to access adequate housing is viewed as a fundamental human right and has been described in both International Law and by the South African courts as being essential to the dignity of human beings. Access to adequate housing thus plays an important part in ensuring human dignity for all persons. It is also one of the key elements needed to ensure that all persons have access to an adequate standard of living.
Access to adequate housing further plays a vital role in maintaining and improving the lives of all people as it provides both security and shelter. In modern day South Africa, access to adequate housing is held in very high regard. This is evident in the recognition it has received in the National Development Plan as two of the fourteen outcomes of the plan are to ensure that “all people are and feel safe” and “sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life.”
The drafters of the South African Constitution recognised the importance of access to adequate housing as provision was made for the right to access adequate housing in the Final Constitution in section 26.
In considering the report submitted by South Africa, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights indicated (hereinafter referred to as the “Committee on ESCR”) the housing landscape in South Africa continues to be divided as a result of the past and that the apartheid spatial divide continues to dominate the landscape. Viljoen notes that despite numerous attempts to transform the housing regime from one which was grossly discriminatory to a welfare-orientated legal system that functions under the auspices of the rights and values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa the poorest households in South Africa remain subject to not only a lack of access to housing but also intolerable housing conditions. He writes further that the judicial enforcement of the right to access adequate housing is a difficult, complex and multi-layered issue with which the courts have been grappling for some time.
An examination of the housing rights jurisprudence reveals that housing rights and access to adequate housing has been one of the most fiercely contested and frequently litigated topics in the country. The jurisprudence also shows that housing is an area where much legislative, policy and infrastructure progress has been made.
|
54 |
Realising the right to the highest attainable standard of health in the nuclear industryMngxekeza, Siyabulela January 2019 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / African states are interested in the development of nuclear power (also referred to as atomic power) for the generation of electricity and desalination. These include Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Tunisia, South Africa, and Uganda. The nuclear governance in South Africa has adopted principles into its legal system which require it to comply with the objectives of numerous resolutions, conventions, treaties, bilateral and multilateral agreements. Therefore, there is an obligation upon the government through ‘reasonable legislative and other measures’ to manage nuclear matters, such as nuclear accidents, in a manner that protects the general public, atomic industry workers as well as prevents the pollution of the surrounding environment.
It has been seven years since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident that occurred in Japan on 11 March 2011, when considerable amounts of radioactive material from the damaged plant released into the environment. Health hazards, associated with exposure to low levels of ionising radiation, are a significant concern following such an accident. A nuclear disaster can potentially violate not only the right to health of workers, but that of residents and evacuees alike, particularly pregnant women, older persons, and children. Regional and international human rights conventions impose obligations on state parties to “take whatever steps necessary to ensure that the right to the highest attainable standard of health is enjoyed by all as soon as possible”. In most cases, when a nuclear accident occurs, workers within the nuclear plant are expected to mitigate emergencies. The danger of this expectation is that it could violate their fundamental human rights.
|
55 |
A Benefit-Focused Analysis of Constitutional Health RightsPieterse, Marius 01 November 2006 (has links)
Student Number : 0215058X -
PhD thesis -
School of Law -
Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management / Socio-economic rights have the potential to contribute to the achievement of social
justice through insisting on the satisfaction of vital material needs. However, their
effectiveness in this regard is compromised when they are incapable of tangibly
contributing to the satisfaction of the needs that they represent. By including justiciable
socio-economic rights in the text of the 1996 South African Constitution, its drafters
indicated that South Africans are entitled to demand effective relief that amounts to
adequate reparation for the harm suffered through the non-satisfaction of their vital
material needs. The legitimacy of the constitutional order partially depends on the
ability of socio-economic rights to live up to this promise. This dissertation examines
the extent of this promise and the extent to which it is currently being fulfilled, in relation
to a discrete set of rights - those that operate together to achieve the highest attainable
standard of physical and mental health. I argue that successful reliance on healthrelated
rights in litigation must, in appropriate circumstances, produce tangible benefits
for individual rights-bearers. I explore the extent to which constitutional health rights
may realistically be expected to render tangible benefits, examine the degree to which
this potential of health rights is realised through current judicial approaches to their
vindication and suggest manners in which such approaches may be modified and/or
supplemented in order for tangible benefits to result more readily from successful
vindication of health rights. In doing this, I attempt to show that a benefit-orientated
approach to the interpretation and enforcement of health rights is not only required, but
also facilitated by the Bill of Rights in the 1996 Constitution. Moreover, the Bill of
Rights enables South African courts to interpret and enforce health rights in
accordance with their benefit-rendering potential, without overextending judicial
capabilities or transgressing the institutional boundaries of the judicial function. Courts
are accordingly implored to acknowledge and affirm the justiciable nature of healthrelated
rights and to adopt interpretative, evaluative and remedial practices that enable
their tangible vindication in appropriate circumstances.
|
56 |
The association of environmental and lifestyle factors with bone mass acquisition in South African children by sex, race and ageMcVeigh, Joanne Alexandra 06 July 2009 (has links)
While osteoporosis is a major public health concern in the developed world, little research
regarding factors influencing bone mineral accrual in children has been conducted in
developing countries. South Africa is of particular interest since the incidence of hip fractures
in South African Blacks has been reported to be amongst the lowest in the world (32; 253). In
this thesis, the association of lifestyle factors; in particular physical activity (PA), socio
economic status (SES) and dietary calcium intakes on the growing skeleton of Black and
White South African children is investigated.
After using accelerometry to validate a physical activity questionnaire (PAQ), in a
convenience sample of South African Black, White, male and female children (n=30), fitness
levels were assessed in a larger group (n=69) of similarly aged children, stratified by race and
gender. Fittest subjects had significantly greater physical activity scores (p=0.022) as reported
on the PAQ, lower body mass index’s (BMI) (p=0.001) and least percentage body fat
(p=0.001) (as assessed using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), than least fit
subjects. White males who reported to be significantly more active than all other groups on
the PAQ were significantly fitter (p<0.001) than White females and Black males and females.
The next study sought to determine whether differences observed in physical activity levels
between groups showed an association with bone mineral content (BMC), density (BMD) and
area (BA) (as assessed using DXA). PA was analyzed in terms of a metabolic (METPA;
weighted metabolic score of intensity, frequency, and duration) and a mechanical (MECHPA;sum of all ground reaction forces multiplied by duration) component for 386 children aged 9.5
(0.04) years recruited from a longitudinal birth cohort study. White children expended a
significantly greater energy score (METPA of 21.7 (2.9)) than Black children (METPA of 9.5
(0.5), p< 0.001). When children were divided into quartiles according to the amount and
intensity of sport played, the most active White children had significantly higher (p<0.05)
whole body BMD and higher hip and spine BMC and BMD after adjustment for body size
than less active children. White children in the highest MECHPA quartile also showed
significantly higher (p<0.05) whole body, hip, and spine BMC and BMD after adjustment for
body size than those children in the lowest quartile. No association between PA and bone
mass of Black children was found. No significant differences between METPA and
MECHPA quartiles and BA were observed for any group.
Given the disparate backgrounds from which many South African children come, the next
study sought to determine whether differences in socio-economic status between Black and
White South African children influence PA patterns. This study explored the relationship
between socio-economic status, PA anthropometric and body composition (via DXA)
variables in 381 children aged (9.5 (0.04) years) recruited from a longitudinal birth cohort
study . Children falling into the highest socio-economic status quartile had mothers with the
highest educational levels, generally came from dual parent homes, were most physically
active, watched less television, weighed more and had greater lean tissue than children in
lower socio-economic quartiles (p<0.001). Significantly greater levels of lean mass (p<0.001)
with increased activity level were observed after controlling for television watching time and
fat mass. There were high levels of low physical activity and high television watching time
among lower socio-economic status groups. White children were found to be more active than
Black children, more likely to be offered physical education and to participate in physical
education classes at school and watched less television than Black children.
The final study sought to investigate the association between habitual PA patterns and dietary
calcium intakes with bone mass acquisition over a one year period in 321 pre-pubertal South
African children recruited from a longitudinal birth cohort study. Data were analyzed by
regressing change in BMC and BA from age nine to ten years, against BA (for BMC), height and body weight. The residuals were saved and called residualized BMCGAIN and BAGAIN.
Residualized values provide a good indication of weight, height and BA-matched
accumulation rates. White children had significantly higher PA levels and calcium intakes
than Black children. Most active White males had significantly higher residualized
BMCGAIN and BAGAIN at the whole body, hip and spine but not at the radius, than those
who were less active. Most active White females had significantly higher residualized
BAGAIN at all sites except the radius than less-active girls. No such effects were seen in
Black children. There was no interactive effect on residualized BMCGAIN or BAGAIN for
calcium intake and PA in boys or Black girls, but an interactive and possible synergistic effect
of calcium and physical activity was observed at the spine, radius and hip in White girls. In
this population, PA has an osteogenic association with White children, but not Black children,
which may be explained by the lower levels of PA in the Black children. Despite this, Black
children had significantly greater bone mass at the hip and spine (girls only) (p< 0.001) even
after adjustment for body size.In conclusion, differences between White and Black children’s PA levels were observed, with
White children reporting higher PA levels and exhibiting higher fitness levels than Black
children. Physical fitness correlated well with self reported physical activity levels on the
PAQ and objectively measured body composition. Socio-economic status differences between
White and Black children are highly related to differences in physical activity patterns and
body composition profiles. Bone mass and area gain is accentuated in pre- and early-pubertal
children with highest levels of habitual physical activity. Limited evidence of an effect of
dietary calcium intakes on bone mass in boys and Black girls was found. The role of exercise
in increasing bone mass may become increasingly critical as a protective mechanism against
osteoporosis in both South African race groups, especially because the genetic benefit
exhibited by Black children to higher bone mass may be weakened with time, as
environmental influences become stronger.
|
57 |
Social entrepreneurship among Diepsloot youthMataboge, Dinah Mamashalane 10 July 2014 (has links)
Social entrepreneurship activity is very low in South Africa, especially among the youth. It is argued that favourable attitudes toward social entrepreneurship are determinants of successful social entrepreneurship that could contribute to sustainable socio-economic development amongst the youth who are still grappling with the “triple challenge” of unemployment, poverty and inequality.
The primary objective of this study was to describe the attitudes of urban youth toward social entrepreneurship and to identify the constraints that the youth perceive as barriers to engaging in social entrepreneurship.
The data of this study was from a survey conducted in Diepsloot, North of Johannesburg involving 153 young people. Data was collected using two self-rating questionnaires. The Social Entrepreneurial Intent Scale (SEIS), adopted from Thompson (2009), was used to measure social entrepreneurial intentions, while the Constraint scale developed by Fatoki and Chindoga (2011) was used to identify constraints.
The study produced three main findings. Firstly, the majority of respondents had positive attitudes towards starting and engaging in social enterprises. Secondly, the research identified three main constraints that discourage the youth from starting or engaging in social enterprise, namely “lack of access to finance”, “lack of savings to start”, and “weak economic environment”. Thirdly, the research also identified an overall limitation to social entrepreneurship, namely; lack of support.
Recommendations to reduce constraints and support social entrepreneurship were suggested.
|
58 |
Low-Carbon Futures for Bioethylene in the United StatesFoster, Gillian Joanne January 2019 (has links) (PDF)
The manufacture of the chemical ethylene, a key ingredient in plastics, currently depends on fossil-fuel-derived carbon and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. Substituting ethylene's fossil fuel feedstock with alternatives is important for addressing the challenge of global climate change. This paper compares four scenarios for meeting future ethylene supply under differing societal approaches to climate change based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. The four scenarios use four perspectives: (1) a sustainability-focused pathway that demands a swift transition to a bioeconomy within 30 years; (2) a regional energy-focused pathway that supports broad biomass use; (3) a fossil-fuel development pathway limited to corn grain; and (4) a fossil-fuel development pathway limited to corn grain and corn stover. Each scenario is developed using the latest scientifically informed future feedstock analyses from the 2016 Billion-Ton report interpreted with perspectives on the future of biomass from recent literature. The intent of this research is to examine how social, economic, and ecological changes determining ethylene supply fit within biophysical boundaries. This new approach to the ethylene feedstocks conundrum finds that phasing out fossil fuels as the main source of U.S. ethylene is possible if current cellulosic ethanol production expands.
|
59 |
The impact of institutional reforms on poverty and inequality in TanzaniaSansa, Godfrey January 2010 (has links)
Poverty is a historical development curse in Tanzania, which has incited extensive institutional reforms and policy changes and received numerous analyses in development research literature. Paradoxically, taking actions to study and alleviate poverty have increased with its continuing severity. A substantial body of research on poverty in the country suggests that, the vast majority of these studies focus on the content rather than the context of poverty alleviation processes. Specifically, the focus has been on: ideas, interests and struggles for resources between political leaders and bureaucrats believed to be taking place at the expense of the poor; ill-informed and unrealistic development policies and strategies; anti-development behaviour and tendencies of the peasants and their alleged conservatism and resistance to modernity, and weak incentive structures of the economy. There is little focus on the character and dynamics of the (historical) institutional context in which these economic conditions, struggles and policy initiatives emerge and take place. Motivated by the disappointing results of anti-poverty initiatives and weaknesses of previous studies, this study uses historical institutional impact analysis guided by institutionalist theory to analyse the problem. The central argument is that the existence and functioning character of institutions are necessary conditions for any human development activity. So, acceptance of the crucial importance of historically oriented institutional context analysis in understanding poverty alleviation initiatives and outcomes is imperative. The study draws on primary and secondary data collected through documentary review and interview methods to explain the ways in which institutional reforms result in an institutional order tolerant of poverty and which create conditions that perpetuate it. It does this by exploring the mode of historical institutional development and by examining the functioning character of the institutional order in respect of poverty alleviation. The study argues that achieving success in poverty alleviation related reforms is dependent on proper understanding of institutional realities of Tanzanian society and the functioning character of the existing institutional order. It proposes a reform process in which institutional legacies and their impact on society become the focus of the reform process itself. The findings indicate that, while reforms and policy changes have taken place and new patterns of behaviour introduced, the logics of institutions central to development and poverty alleviation have not, been fundamentally altered and new patterns of behaviour have simply perpetuated it. Specifically, the findings suggest: first, that institutional reforms pursued by the government are inadequate due to misconception of institutional problems of Tanzanian society; second, that the reforms have created new conditions which perpetuate poverty; and, third, that fundamental character of the functioning of the Tanzanian institutional order will need to change before such anti-poverty measures can hope to succeed. Thus, the study offers a correction to ill-informed poverty analysis by providing an alternative account of the root cause of poverty while insisting that a better understanding of the failure of poverty alleviation requires a strong focus on the historical institutional realties of the country.
|
60 |
The prevalence, determinants and outcomes of multimorbidity and of resilience to multimorbidityJohnston, Marjorie C. January 2018 (has links)
Background Multimorbidity, the co-existence of multiple health conditions in an individual, is a significant Public Health challenge. However, it has no consensus definition or measure, and its determinants and outcomes are not fully understood. Resilience may be a mechanism by which the experience of multimorbidity can be improved but there has been little study of this. Aim To define and measure the prevalence of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity, to assess the role of mental health and childhood socio-economic status (SES) and to investigate the long-term outcomes. Objectives 1. To determine how multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity should be defined and measured in Public Health research 2. To assess the prevalence of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity using the measures identified in objective one 3. To assess the role of mental health conditions and childhood SES in the occurrence of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity 4. To assess the impact of multimorbidity and resilience to multimorbidity on long-term outcomes Method Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to address objective one. The analysis of two contrasting study populations was used to address objectives two to four. These were the Australian cross-sectional Diamond study and the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study. Results Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more conditions and was measured by patient self-report and healthcare administrative data. Resilience was the presence of good self-reported outcomes despite multimorbidity. Multimorbidity prevalence ranged from 3% to 38%. Mental health conditions led to an increased burden of multimorbidity and a reduced prevalence of resilience. Childhood SES and other SES factors were associated with multimorbidity. Childhood SES and other SES factors were associated with multimorbidity. Multimorbidity was associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusion The findings in this thesis can be used to improve consensus approaches to studying multimorbidity and resilience, and to develop interventions to tackle these.
|
Page generated in 0.0451 seconds