Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T14:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1481959 bytes, checksum: 525454464c0eb73419c17fa960c6029e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sociotechnical approach presents humanistic principles related to technology and change that can be applied in the field of distance education, organized into two subsystems: social subsystem (people and structures) and technical subsystem (technology and processes). In this understanding, the study of a core set of elements of social sociotechnical subsystem in which teachers of undergraduate and postgraduate distance should be able to mediate a satisfactory teaching and learning.The research aims at: characterizing the professional profile of online teachers lecturing at undergraduate and postgraduate courses, identifying interests, challenges and changes caused by distance teaching, identifying the cognitive and behavioral profile of teachers acting at distance learning courses, identifying the working relationships between teachers and students of distance education courses, and summarizing the social categories relevant to the performance of teachers in courses at a distance. The methodology traveled along the path of empirical research by means of semi-structured interviews with twenty-five teachers at the University Federal of Paraíba and the State University of Paraíba. A qualitative approach and an orientation towards an interpretative paradigm has been used together with content analysis as a supporting tool for the study and interpretation of data. The results revealed the interests, challenges and changes caused by distance teaching. We have also identified, by means of predefined categories of the scale people (relief, skills, interaction and inclusion), the cognitive and behavioral profile of teachers and size structures (adaptation, performance, innovation, personnel assistance) working relationships between teachers and students. During the interpretation of the results, we found a new category (Interactive) and showed the categories relevant to the online teachers‟ performance: adaptation, personnel assistance, interaction, interactivity and skills. It was concluded that in terms of theoretical contribution, the discussion of the use of distance learning for teachers in a university space on a social perspective generates empirical evidence to contribute to the progress and development studies in the area. On the other hand, the social contribution of research and practical approach the academic environment of the educational context of undergraduate and postgraduate using EAD, so that the results presented serve as input for reflection by teachers on the teaching process and learning / abordagem sociotécnica apresenta princípios humanistas associados à tecnologia e à mudança que podem ser aplicados no campo da EAD, organizam-se em dois subsistemas: subsistema social (pessoas e estruturas) e subsistema técnico (tecnologia e processos). Nesse entendimento, o estudo investigou um conjunto essencial de elementos do subsistema social sociotécnico no qual os docentes de cursos de graduação e de pós-graduação a distância devem estar capacitados para intermediar de forma satisfatória o ensino e a aprendizagem. A pesquisa objetivou: caracterizar o perfil profissional dos docentes do curso graduação e pós-graduação a distância; identificar interesses, desafios e mudanças originadas pela EAD na atividade docente; identificar o perfil cognitivo e comportamental dos docentes de cursos EAD; identificar os relacionamentos de trabalho entre docentes e os discentes de cursos EAD e; sintetizar as categorias sociais relevantes para o desempenho do docente em cursos EAD. O caminho metodológico percorrido partiu da realização de uma pesquisa empírica, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com vinte e cinco docentes da Universidade Federal da Paraíba e Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa e uma orientação voltada para o paradigma interpretativo, empregando a análise de conteúdo como ferramenta de suporte para a análise e interpretação de dados. Nos resultados, evidenciaram-se os interesses, os desafios e as mudanças originadas pela EAD na atividade docente. Também, identificaram-se por meio das categorias predefinidas da dimensão pessoas (alívio, habilidades, interação e inclusão) o perfil cognitivo e comportamental dos docentes e da dimensão estruturas (adaptação, desempenho, inovação, viabilidade e assistência pessoal) os relacionamentos de trabalho entre os docentes e os discentes de cursos EAD. Durante a interpretação dos resultados, encontrou-se uma nova categoria (interatividade) e evidenciaram-se as categorias relevantes para o desempenho do docente: adaptação, assistência pessoal, interação, interatividade e habilidades. Concluiu-se que do ponto de vista da contribuição teórica, a discussão do uso da EAD por docentes em um espaço universitário sobre uma perspectiva social gera evidências empíricas para colaborar para o progresso e o desenvolvimento de estudos na área. Por outro lado, a contribuição social e prática da pesquisa aproximam o ambiente acadêmico do contexto educacional dos cursos de graduação e de pós-graduação que utilizam a EAD, de forma que os resultados apontados sirvam de subsídios para reflexão dos professores sobre o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem

In an electrical system there needs to be a constant balance between supply and demand ofelectricity and this is measured by the frequency in the grid. Due to the increasing awarenessof climate change, more renewable energy resources have been introduced in the Swedishelectricity system. This is, however, not solely positive since renewable energy sources areoften of intermittent character which entails more imbalances between supply and demand. Inaddition, statistics and data show that the deviation in the frequency in the Nordic system hasincreased during the latest years. Thus, in this thesis, the issues regarding the frequency havebeen addressed by examining the demand for frequency control in the Swedish electricitysystem and what balancing efforts that can be carried out on a local level to contribute to abetter balanced system. This thesis has been conducted at KTH Royal Institute of Technologywith collaboration with the commissioner Mälarenergi AB. A case study of the Swedish electricity system has been carried out to gather empiricalmaterial and this material has been analyzed using Geels theory on technical transitions, themulti-level perspective. The results indicates that it is likely the demand for frequency controlwill increase, and this is due to factors as more intermittent energy, current market design fortrading electricity, overseas transmission connections, decommissioning of nuclear powerand limited internal transmission capacity. Three other developments have been identified,which could have a large impact on the demand in the future, as an increasing use of electricvehicles, prosumers and the deployment of IoT in the energy sector. These developmentshave not been integrated to a large extent yet in the energy sector and thus have a moreuncertain impact. In terms of resources, the thesis has identified that it is likely that hydropower will continueto be the main resource for frequency regulation. Another source that could be used morefrequently than today and possibly compete with hydropower is combined heat and powerplants. Furthermore, the study has found that local actors can contribute by advertisingsmaller local resources on a market for trading regulating power called“reglerkraftmarknaden”, that balance providing companies collaborate, that the load iscontrolled in the local grids or that smaller local production facilities are operated in standalonemode during extreme situations. / För att uppnå ett välfungerande elektrisk system så måste det vara en konstant balans mellan produktion och konsumtion av el i systemet. Den här balansen mäts genom att mäta frekvensen i elnätet. Eftersom allt fler har blivit mer medvetna om de klimatförändringar vår planet står inför har det successivt införts mer och mer förnybara energikällor i det svenska elsystemet. Den här utvecklingen har inte enbart varit positivt, eftersom förnybara energikällor ofta är av intermittent karaktär, vilket har medfört att balansen mellan produktion och konsumtion av el har försämrats. Flertalet undersökningar har påvisat att det förekommer mer frekvensavvikelser i det nordiska elsystemet idag än tidigare. Denna rapport har således undersökt dessa problem genom att analysera efterfrågan på frekvensreglering i det svenska elsystemet och vilka initiativ som kan tas på lokal nivå för att förbättra balansen i elsystemet. Rapporten har genomförts på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i samarbete med uppdragsgivaren Mälarenergi AB. Rapporten har genomfört en fallstudie av det svenska elsystemet för att samla in empiriskt material, och detta material har i sin tur analyserats genom Geels flernivåsansats. De resultat som har framkommit i undersökningen visar på att det är troligt att efterfrågan av frekvensreglering kommer att öka. Denna ökning beror på faktorer som att mer intermittent energi integreras i elnätet, hur marknaden för att handla elektricitet är utformad, fler utländska överföringsförbindelser, nedrustning av kärnkraft och begränsad överföringskapacitet inom det nationella elnätet. Tre andra utvecklingar har identifierats som möjligen kan ha en stor påverkan på behovet av frekvensreglering. Dessa är ett ökat antal elektriska fordon, prosumenter och att energisektorn integreras av IoT och smarta objekt i större utsträckning än idag. Dessa faktorer har inte integrerats i det svenska elsystemet nämnvärt ännu och deras påverkan är därmed mer osäker. Denna studie har också kommit fram till att vattenkraft troligtvis kommer fortsätta att vara den resurs som används mest för frekvensreglering, men även att kraftvärmeverk har potential att användas mer för reglering än idag. Vidare har rapporten även identifierat att lokala aktörer kan bidra till en bättre balans i systemet genom att antingen annonsera mindre lokala resurser på reglerkraftmarknaden, öka samarbetet mellan balansansvariga företag, kontrollera lasten i lokala elnät eller att mindre lokala produktionsanläggningar drivs i ö-drift under extrema situationer.