South Africa is passing through a phase of transition and children living in the country are still subject to many social and financial problems. They face high levels of social adversity, socio-economic deprivation, migration, displacement and morbidity. Rural South African children’s right to education and physical and mental health remains unfulfilled because of exposure to on-going adversity including poverty, family disruption through labour migration, malnutrition, inter-personal violence, chronic illness and death of family members due to HIV/AIDS. Although numerous studies highlight psychosocial problems amongst these children in South Africa and even document risk factors, there is paucity of studies that have focused on rural children’s mental health with consideration to both protective and risk factors. The study is focused on primary school children aged 8-12 in grades 5 and 6. It examines the prevalence of psychosocial problems among these children and determines the socio-demographic factors which can serve as predictors of psychological outcomes in these children. The study looks at both risk factors and protective factors as predictors of said psychological outcomes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-115).

OBJETIVO Investigar associação entre participação no programa de assistência alimentar e sobrepeso/obesidade, segundo nível de pobreza. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com dados sobre 46.217 mulheres não gestantes e não lactantes, de Lima, Peru, obtidos de pesquisas, com representatividade nacional, nos anos de 2003, 2004, 2006 e 2008-2010. A variável dependente foi o sobrepeso/obesidade e a independente foi a participação no programa de assistência alimentar. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson; os modelos foram estratificados por nível socioeconômico familiar para todo o país, por área de residência (Lima versus o resto do país; urbano versus residência rural) e anos de estudo (2003-2006 versus 2008-2010). Os modelos foram ajustados por idade, nível acadêmico, urbanização e ano de estudo. RESULTADOS Participar do programa de assistência alimentar associou-se com risco aumentado de sobrepeso/obesidade para as mulheres que viviam em domicílios sem indicadores de pobreza (PR = 1,29; IC95% 1,06;1,57). Quando estratificados por área de residência, foram observadas associações similares para as mulheres que vivem em Lima e em áreas urbanas; não foram encontradas associações entre a participação no programa de assistência alimentar e sobrepeso/obesidade entre as mulheres que vivem fora de Lima ou em áreas rurais, independentemente de sua condição de pobreza. CONCLUSÕES Participar do programa de assistência alimentar associou-se com sobrepeso/obesidade para mulheres não pobres. Estudos adicionais serão necessários em países que enfrentam ambas as faces da má nutrição. / pia.chaparro@chess.su.se / OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food assistance program participation and overweight/obesity according to poverty level. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of data from 46,217 non-pregnant and non-lactating women in Lima, Peru was conducted; these data were obtained from nationally representative surveys from the years 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008-2010. The dependent variable was overweight/obesity, and the independent variable was food assistance program participation. Poisson regression was used to stratify the data by family socioeconomic level, area of residence (Lima versus the rest of the country; urban versus rural), and survey year (2003-2006 versus 2008-2010). The models were adjusted for age, education level, urbanization, and survey year. RESULTS Food assistance program participation was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity in women living in homes without poverty indicators [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06;1.57]. When stratified by area of residence, similar associations were observed for women living in Lima and urban areas; no associations were found between food assistance program participation and overweight/obesity among women living outside of Lima or in rural areas, regardless of the poverty status. CONCLUSIONS Food assistance program participation was associated with overweight/obesity in non-poor women. Additional studies are required in countries facing both aspects of malnutrition. / Revisión por pares

Orientador: Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LidiaFatimaHildebrande_M.pdf: 1076977 bytes, checksum: 052f8d2456edc3dfe2cc9205e63d4127 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Com o declínio da cárie dentária, o estudo de fatores sociocomportamentais no grupo de polarização tornou-se importante objeto de análises em epidemiologia. Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de cárie dentária, identificar os grupos de polarização e verificar os fatores associados à doença cárie dentária em crianças e adolescentes do município de Pirassununga, SP. Metodologia: A coleta de dados foi realizada através de levantamento epidemiológico em 2006, em pré-escolares aos 5 anos (n=113) e escolares aos 12 anos (n= 117) do município de Pirassununga, São Paulo. Foram utilizados os códigos e critérios padronizados pela OMS (1997). Após realizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson entre grupos com presença de cárie dentária (CPOD/ceod > 0) e grupo SIC (Significant Caries Index). Resultados: Aos 5 anos, a média do ceod foi de 2,0 (dp=2,9), e média do SIC 4,0 (dp=3,6) e livres de cárie de 62,8%. Aos 12 anos a média do CPOD foi de 1,2 (dp=1,9) e média do SIC foi de 3,1 (dp=2,4) e 53,8% livres de cárie. As variáveis que se apresentaram associadas à cárie dentária aos 5 anos no grupo com experiência de cárie dentária (ceod>0) foram: ter procurado o dentista por motivo de dor/cárie (p=0,00) e ter como responsável pelo sustento o pai ou a mãe (p=0,053). No grupo de polarização (SIC) foram: frequência de escovação de 1 a 2 vezes ao dia (p=0,052) e ter visitado o dentista no ultimo ano (p= 0,025). Aos 12 anos, no grupo com experiência de cárie dentária (CPOD>0) as variáveis com força de associação foram: meio de transporte ônibus/bicicleta (p= 0,026) e ter faltado à escola por dor/cárie (p=0,011). No SIC as variáveis encontradas foram: meio de transporte ônibus/bicicleta (p=0,034) e ter visitado o dentista no ultimo ano (p=0,023). Conclusão: A maior parte da amostra foi composta por indivíduos livres de cárie o que tornou os dois grupos estudados (indivíduos com experiência de cárie e com alta experiência de cárie) semelhantes. Em aos 5 e 12 anos, ambas as idades, tanto no grupo de polarização como no grupo como um todo, a doença esteve relacionada a fatores comportamentais, socioeconômicos e demográficos / Abstract: With the decline of dental caries study of factors in group social behavior polarization has become an important subject of analysis in epidemiology. Objective: To evaluate the experience of dental caries, identify groups of polarization and identify factors associated with dental caries in children and adolescents in the city of Pirassununga city, SP. Methodology: Data collection was conducted through epidemiological survey in 2006 among preschool children at 5 years (n=113) and school at 12 years (n=117) of the Pirassununga, São Paulo. We used the codes and standardized criteria by WHO (1997). After analysis was performed using Poisson regression between groups with dental caries presence (DMFT/ dmft>0) and SIC group (Significant Caries Index). Results: At 5 years, the mean dmft was 2,0 (sd=2.9), and average SIC 4.0 (sd=3.6) and caries free of 62.8 %. At age 12 the average DMFT was 1.2 (sd=1.9) and mean SIC was 3.1 (sd=2.4) and 53.8% caries free. The variables that were associated with caries had to 5 years in the group with caries experience (dmft> 0) were: having sought the dentist because of pain / caries (p = 0.00) and having to be responsible for supporting the father or mother (p=0.053). In group polarization (SIC) were: frequency of brushing 1-2 times per day (p=0.052) and having visited the dentist in the past year (p=0.025). At age 12, the group with caries experience (DMFT> 0) variables with strength of association was: transportation (p=0.026) and have been absent from school for pain / caries (p=0.011). In SIC variables were: transportation (p=0.034) and having visited the dentist in the past year (p=0.023). Conclusion: The majority of the sample consisted of caries-free individuals that made the two groups (individuals with caries experience and high caries experience) like. In both age groups, in both the polarization and the group as a whole, the disease was related to behavioral factors, socioeconomic and demographic factors / Mestrado / Odontologia em Saude Coletiva / Mestra em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

Thesis advisor: Wen Fan / In recent years, South Korea has come to face a national issue of low fertility. The low fertility rate remains on a declining trajectory, and that South Korea is looking at facing a great population reduction. This thesis aims to explore the reasons behind this phenomenon, through examining the relationships between various socio-economic factors and fertility rate. Data analysis of a preexisting data set was conducted. The results showed that physical health, lifestyle factors, education, and safety of environment demonstrated the strongest relationships with fertility rates, whereas mental health, fear of aging, and perception of healthcare showed weaker associations. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Sociology.

Este estudo mostrou uma forte influência dos fatores socioeconômicos e ambientais na prevalência da cárie dentária. Vinte e duas variáveis socioeconômicas e ambientais foram relacionadas a um indicador de saúde bucal. Este indicador consiste na soma dos índices CPO-D e ceo-d nos grupos de alunos de 5 a 12 anos para os 131 municípios que fizeram parte do Levantamento de Saúde Bucal do Estado de São Paulo em 1998. Destes 131 municípios estudados, 9% apresentaram Indicador baixo (&#61603; 2,6); 55% dos municípios, Indicador moderado (2,7 - 4,4); 34% dos municípios, Indicador considerado alto (4,5 - 6,5) e 2% apresentaram indicador muito alto (> 6,6). A prevalência de cárie dentária no Estado de São Paulo para esta faixa etária de 5 a 12 anos, medida por meio do Indicador, mostrou correlação significativa (p<0,05) com 17 das variáveis utilizadas. O modelo de regressão multifatorial mostrou correlação direta de 63% com três fatores principais: presença de flúor na água de abastecimento público, porte populacional do município e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal para Educação. Este modelo final pode explicar 38% da variação da prevalência da cárie dentária no Estado de São Paulo em 1998. Em relação aos aspectos geográficos, a epidemiologia espacial evidenciou que os maiores índices de cárie dentária encontraram-se nas regiões Sudoeste, Central e Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados mostraram que condições socioeconômicas e ambientais satisfatórias podem contribuir de maneira importante para a saúde bucal. Mostraram, também, que o emprego da epidemiologia espacial pode contribuir para a identificação de áreas com maior necessidade de cuidados odontológicos e preventivos. / The result of this study showed a strong influence of socioeconomic and environmental background in the dental caries. Twenty-two socioeconomic and environmental variables were correlated to an oral health indicator. This indicator consisted of the sum of the DMFT and dmft indices in students from 5 to 12 years old in 131 cities, which were participants in the Epidemiological Survey of Oral Health in São Paulo State in 1998. Out of the 131 cities studied, 9% had a low indicator (&#61603; 2,6); 55% had a medium indicator (2,7 - 4,4); 34% had a considerable high indicator (4.5 - 6.5) and 2% had a very high indicator (> 6.6). The indicators showed that the prevalence of dental caries in the Sao Paulo State for this age range is significantly related (p<0.05) to 17 of the variables used. The regression multifactor model showed direct correlation of 63% with three main factors: the presence of fluoride in public water, population size of each city and Municipal Human Development index in education. This final model could explain 38% of the variation of the presence of dental decay in the São Paulo State in 1998. With regard to the geographical aspects, spatial epidemiology pointed out that the higher dental caries indices are located in the southwest, central and northwest areas of the studied State. The results showed that the socioeconomic and environmental conditions might greatly contribute to the dental health. In addition to this, the use of spatial epidemiology can contribute to identify the areas in need of oral health promotion and dental care.

Data from 7285 individual participants in the USDA Spring Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were analyzed using the nutrient density concept and multiple regression procedures to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status on the nutritional quality of foods consumed. For each socioeconomic group the average daily amount of nutrients consumed per 1000 kcal of food consumed were computed and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances which had been converted to single-value nutrient allowances per 1000 kcal. This nutrient density approach identified qualitative patterns of food consumption for selected income, region, urbanization, household size, race, employment and education groups as well as indicating the degree to which these groups met the RDA. Results demonstrated that socioeconomic status had relatively little impact upon the average nutrient density of diets consumed by the population. Income level had no statistically significant effect upon the nutritional quality of diets for any of the fourteen nutrients studied. Household size affected nutrient density consumption of fat, carbohydrate, vitamin s6 and vitamin C. Race affected calcium, magnesium, vitamin A and thiamin density of diets. Other socioeconomic factors were significantly related to only one or two nutrients. The differences in average nutrient density of diets resulted from differences in the quality of foods consumed from the Basic Four (nutrient-dense) Plus One (calorie-dense) food groups and not from differences in the percent contribution of these two food groups to nutrient intake per 1000 kcal. Average diets for all socioeconomic groups were below nutrient density standards for calcium, iron, magnesium, vitamin B6 and carbohydrate. There was also a high frequency of individuals with vitamins A and vitamin C intakes below nutrient density standards despite adequate group mean intakes per 1000 kcal for these nutrients. Results supported the hypothesis that, regardless of socioeconomic status, Americans consume diets that average very similar nutrient content per energy unit. This type of information contributes to a better understanding of dietary habits of Americans and provides a meaningful framework from which to establish guidelines for government agencies, nutrition educators and the food industry.

No description available.

This Master's dissertation explored whether a rapid orienting of attention toward or away from social stress information during a restful state, relates to the magnitude of glucocorticoids (GC) released in response to a stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). It also assessed whether childhood rearing in a low socioeconomic status (SES) context mediates this relationship. Subjects rested for 45 minutes during which time they completed a modified version of Posner's attention paradigm, comprising social stress words. Immediately following, participants were exposed to the stressor. Results indicated that a rapid attentional engagement toward social stress words associated with pronounced GC responses to the TSST. Fast engagers displayed lower self-esteem and did not differ in terms of their past SES. These findings demonstrate that attentional biases for social stress information at rest combine with diminished self-esteem to predict the magnitude of GC released during psychological stress irrespective of early SES conditions.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.