This dissertation presents a description and analysis of local variation of Quechua in the Huaylas Valley from speakers’ and linguistic perspectives. This research focuses on the comparative study of Quechua spoken in the Huaylas Valley, located in the north-central Peruvian Andes, which exhibits interesting variation in the phonological, morphological and lexical levels. For the analysis I have used methodologies of descriptive, comparative and historical linguistics, and methods of sociolinguistics. Thus, the study of Quechua language variation in this region in relation to pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary is contrasted and complemented with speakers’ perception about their variety and other variants. Quechua-speaking areas are surveyed by grouping provinces, and are delineated on maps according to distribution of phonological and morphological isoglosses, and vocabulary as well as Quechua speakers’ perception. The two main dialectal areas are: (1) South Huaylas or Hallqa spoken in the provinces of Huaraz, Recuay, and south of Carhuaz, which is characterized, basically, by the retention of the phoneme /h/ at the word initial position. (2) North Huaylas or Quechua spoken in the provinces of Huaylas, Yungay, and north-central part of Carhuaz, which is characterized by the deletion of *h > ø at the word initial position. The division line is located around the Marcara river by the White Mountain side, and Huasca Uran ravine by the Black Mountain side, in the Marcara district, Carhuaz. Within each major variety there are other minor varieties, which are distinguished on the basis of morphophonemic variation of suffixes: ablative, first person inclusive, and the conjectural enclitic. / text

This study is an investigation into sociolinguistic variation in a second language. More specifically, it is an investigation into the extent to which speakers of English as a second language acquire particular features of the variety of English they are exposed to. The speakers in question are Polish migrants, and the variety of English is that found in Manchester, a city in the North West of England.The research uses data gathered from 41 participants who have been in Manchester for various lengths of time and who came to the UK for a wide range of reasons. The aim was to explore the extent to which local accent features are acquired by second language English speakers, and the linguistic and social factors which influence this acquisition. Methodologically, the research draws on practices from variationist sociolinguistics, but by using them in a second language context, the study has the additional aim of developing the link between these two areas of study. Four linguistic features were identified, on the basis of them each exhibiting local variants that differ from any pedagogical model of English the speakers will have been exposed to in Poland. All four demonstrated some degree of change towards the local variants in the speech of many of the participants, but to greatly differing degrees. Multiple regression analyses helped to determine which factors might be influencing the patterns of variation, with the social constraints of length of residence, level of English, gender, attitude, and identity among those believed to be playing a part. The thesis ends with a discussion exploring the implications of the findings in terms of existing and future research, and looks at how they might usefully be applied to situations outside that of academic linguistics.