Assimilation has long been the driving force behind the federal government's policies relating to American Indians. The termination and relocation policies of the 1950s and 1960s exemplify government actions in this area. As a direct result of these two policies there was an influx of American Indians into urban areas. Abandoned by the federal government and facing competition from other minority groups for state services, American Indians began to develop their own service organizations. Urban Indian community centers, many pan-Indian by necessity due to the numerous tribes present in each urban community, were some of the first organizations created. These organizations provided services, support, and a cultural haven. This thesis reviews the history of these policies and their impact on American Indians and concludes with an analysis of research done at the American Indian Community House, New York City, which examines the contemporary role of community centers in urban areas.

Representations of Germany's crisis of anti-foreigner violence and ambivalent government policies regarding guestworkers misrepresent this crisis and reproduce several myths: that Germany has only recently relied on foreign labor, that Germany is an unusually "homogenous" nation, has experienced little integration of foreigners, and is not and cannot become an "immigration" country. These myths hinge on a widespread "forgetting" of much of German labor history. This paper outlines this missing history. Features common to past and present "guestworker" policies are highlighted. An examination of modern German citizenship and naturalization laws suggests that guestworker crises derive from a fundamental contradiction between economic and political interests. The current crisis can be viewed as one phase of a longer unresolved conflict between economic goals and the definition of the German nation. Such a perspective is generally avoided, however, as earlier periods of conflict are erased through widespread collective forgetting.

The Akwesasne Mohawk Indian Reservation, which straddles the U.S.-Canada border in northern New York State, is analyzed in order to reveal how it has persevered, despite enormous political and economic difficulties, since its founding around 1754. It is demonstrated that a number of facets of Mohawk social life have allowed the community to flourish. Preeminent among these has been the issue of Mohawk sovereignty and the role of Mohawk women in maintaining the community. As the tendency for Mohawk men to work away from the community increased, the tradition of Mohawk women staying on the reservation to raise children and maintain traditional family and community values provided all community members with a geographically explicit area to which they could refer as home. These roles have reinforced and recast ancient Mohawk concepts of sovereignty. Social history and historical censuses provide valuable insights into these issues.

The first part of this thesis examines how Navajo cultural philosophy views raiding, warfare, and warriors. Navajos understand raiding and warfare as controlled evils that should only be used for defense and protection. Anything human, environmental, or spiritual that poses a threat to Navajo individuals and/or society is considered an enemy. Likewise, anyone who provides protection against these potential harms may be considered a warrior. The second part of this research tests Clifton Kroeber and Bernard Fontana's hypothesis regarding indigenous warfare in respect to the Navajo. These scholars theorize that indigenous men used warfare as a means to re-establish their social worth which had presumably diminished as a result of some cultural shift in equity between the sexes. Their hypothesis is somewhat accurate as it pertains to Navajo warfare. Warfare, understood as protection, provides several outlets for men, women, and medicine people to bolster their self-esteem and social worth.

The purpose of this thesis was to determine if there was a significant relationship between the services provided First American juveniles in the Pima County Juvenile Court system as compared to others. In addition this thesis also provides an overview of the history of the Juvenile Justice system as well as the current practices in Pima County Juvenile Court.

This paper investigates the absence of racial public policy in Brazil during the First Republic. Using secondary sources, this paper looks at economic competition and conflict between black and immigrant labor in the state of Sao Paulo and tests the applicability of the split labor market theory of ethnic antagonism--a theory used in explaining the development of ethnic conflict into racial public policy. Such conflict has been a primary factor in the development of racial public policies such as those found in the United States and South Africa. The political organization of black Brazilians and immigrant (primary Italian) groups is also analyzed to discover whether or not these groups would have been capable of translating their economic goals into race-based public policy. The thesis suggests that there was little competition in many areas, and that even where there was little competition, neither group had sufficient political capacity to successfully push for exclusionary public policies based on race.

This study identifies, describes, and analyzes female Navajo participation in high school basketball and that participation's impact on the students' post-secondary academic experience. Two major hypotheses were formulated: (1) female Navajo participation in high school basketball does contribute to future post-secondary academic success (2) the basketball players' support group played a significant role in the students' future academic or athletic success. The total sample of 18 included former basketball players, former non-athletes, family members, and high school teachers and staff. My findings were: (1) the support group contributed significantly to the students' future academic and athletic success (2) the importance of Navajo cultural values and philosophy significantly impacted the students' post-secondary academic success (3) participation in basketball began as fun, but transformed into a positive learning experience that reinforced and provided structure for previously learned values from Navajo culture, family, and/or significant mentors and role models.

This thesis addresses and critically reviews American Indian protest art as a legitimate art genre. Brief discussions of the Studio (the first formal American Indian art school), the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA), and the American Indian protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as irony, satire, and humor in Indian art are included. The concept of the "Indian" identity as a motivating factor of the art, and the redundant use of stereotypical imagery as it relates to cultural conflicts are addressed. Descriptive interpretations of the art of David Bradley, Alex Jacobs, and Stan Natchez, and the three fundamental elements of this art style are presented in detail.

This thesis attempts to determine what local and national issues between 1937 and 1986 influenced the Tohono O'odham decision to revise their constitution. The Tohono O'odham Nation is still in a transitional phase of constitutional revision. Thesis suggests a number of factors that hinder the smooth transition of the revisions into the 1986 revised constitution. Such factors include the fact that there seems to be an unequal distribution of power among the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches allowing too much power to reside in the Legislative branch of the government, and continues to instill political weight in the Legislative council even after the pre 1986 tribal council. Two recommendations are offered for future consideration of the revisions in the present constitution. They are, (1) to create a more representative constitutional review committee that includes tribal elders, and (2) an equal distribution of power in the three branch form of government.

This thesis focuses on the roles of Native women in children's literature. The study explores the works of five Native women writers in the United States that have successfully published adult literature and at least one children's book since 1990. The purpose of the research is to gain a better understanding of what these writers reveal about the roles of Native women in their literature for children. The data was collected using content analysis on the books and a questionnaire to determine (1) what roles the Native writers convey in their children's literature; and (2) what these women are writing in this field and their perspectives on the writing process. The findings of this research discuss these writers' portrayals of the complexity of Native women's roles as well as offer insight into their craft.