<p> The purpose of this project was to develop an acculturation stress support group program for newly immigrated Latino families. This program was developed to mediate the negative effects of the acculturation process on Latino families. A search for potential funders via the Internet identified The Annenberg Foundation as the potential funding source for this project. A grant was written to support an acculturation stress support group program through the agency Clinicas Del Camino Real, Inc., in Ventura County. Actual Submission and/or funding of the grant was not required for the successful completion of this project. </p>

<p> Although diversity training is an $8 billion industry, questions surrounding its utility and impact remain. To address the issue of diversity training effectiveness, the research project goes beyond reviewing workforce diversity as a measurement, and investigates whether diversity training impacts a leader's ability to manage differences and create an inclusive work environment. Data were collected from 44 individuals in leadership roles across multiple organizations in the United States. All participants completed a condensed Diversity Relationship Indicator&trade; assessment, as well as a 6 question interview protocol to gauge their experience with diversity training. The results of the research reflected the utility of diversity training. Specifically, individuals who participated in diversity training (regardless of type) had a significantly higher presence of attributes (self-awareness, accountability, interpersonal-skills, open &amp; inclusive team, diversity management) related to successfully managing differences and creating an inclusive work environment, than those who were diversity training na&iuml;ve.</p>

<p> The study addressed the problem of unacceptably low graduation rates of African American high school students. The purpose of the study was to conduct a quantitative correlational explanatory investigation into possible associations between immigration stage and achievement status of African American high school students that puts them on target for graduation. Survey data collected from 273 seniors from five high schools in New York City measured the dependent variable achievement status in high school credits. The independent variable immigrant generational stage was appraised across three generations of African Americans (1st, 2nd and 3rd generations) and weighted in sub-variables of foreign culturally influenced parental style, ethnic capital, and perceived self-efficacy. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance, multiple regression and regression statistics. Results indicate generational immigrant stage and self-efficacy are associated with the academic status of the students. Foreign influenced parental style and ethnic capital are not associated with academic status of the demographic. A key finding is first generation students performed better than each subsequent generation of their peers. Implications are that fresh ethnic cultural memory and high self-efficacy beliefs result in better academic outcomes for African American students. The need for culturally ingenious leadership to facilitate ethnic cultural values and promote self-efficacy beliefs of African American students for more favorable academic outcomes is indicated by the results of the study. Certification in cultural competencies relative to the operating context is therefore a prerequisite for educational leaders working among this demographic.</p>

<p> This study explored the impact demographic dissimilarity between an interviewer and a job candidate has on how the candidate is evaluated for a job. The interviewer's levels of race- and gender-based prejudice were examined as moderators of this relationship, while stress was examined as a mediator. Race and gender dissimilarity were manipulated by presenting participants with scripted videos of a job candidate responding to interview questions. Participants, who consisted of undergraduate students, were randomly assigned to evaluate a White male, a White female, an African-American male, or an African-American female job applicant. After a brief introductory clip of the candidate, participants reported how stressful they expected the task of evaluating the candidate to be and after watching the video of the interview evaluated the candidate for the job of Academic Advisor, and completed measures of prejudice. </p><p> While racial and gender dissimilarity to the job candidate did not directly affect how the candidate was evaluated for the job, results showed that racial and gender dissimilarity indirectly affected how the candidate was evaluated for the job through the mediator of stress and at different levels of race- and gender-based prejudice. Theoretical support for the impact of demographic dissimilarity on interview outcomes is provided and the practical implications of these findings are discussed. Suggestions for future areas of research are also presented.</p>

<p> Previous research has shown that Middle Eastern applicants' ethnic names and affiliations caused Caucasian raters to demonstrate increased discrimination during resume screening. The current study extended previous research by investigating the differences in job suitability ratings given by Middle Eastern and Caucasian raters for Middle Eastern job applicants by exploring rater ethnicity as a possible moderator in the relationship between ethnic identifiers and job suitability ratings, as well as studying the effect of acculturation on Middle Eastern raters' judgments of applicant job suitability. Contrary to the prediction, the current study found that participants gave significantly higher mean job suitability ratings to the partially identified Middle Eastern resume compared to the White resume. Furthermore, White raters did not give lower mean ratings to the partially and fully identified Middle Eastern resumes as compared to the White resume. However, Middle Eastern raters did give higher mean job suitability ratings to the partially identified Middle Eastern resume as compared to the White resume. Finally, the current study found that Middle Eastern raters with lower levels of acculturation gave higher mean job suitability scores to the fully identified Middle Eastern resume. </p>

<p> The purpose of this quantitative study was to measure and compare the leadership styles of information technology (IT) professionals across levels of leadership responsibility and minority/non-minority status. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Short Form (MLQ 5X-Short) was used to obtain measurements for each individual for the dependent variables. The MLQ 5X-Short measures nine facets of leadership styles that can be assigned to three higher order factors, namely, the transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles. The sample was recruited via informal professional networks across the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2008) job classifications and included IT professionals from different sized organizations in a mix of industries across the United States. The convenience sampling technique helped identify professionals in leadership and non-leadership positions across the IT industry. In the study, a non-experimental factorial design was used to compare leadership style across levels of leadership responsibility and minority/non-minority status. The study findings indicated no significant differences exist between the leadership styles of minority and non-minority groups at the different organizational responsibility levels. A finding based on the analysis showed that for the transformational leadership style, significant differences exist between professionals at the executive level and professionals at a middle management level for all races. For the transactional leadership style, specifically the contingent reward category, significant differences exist between professionals at the middle management level and non-managers for all races. Organizational leaders could use the discoveries from this study as a point of reference to guide diverse workforce employees. Findings could also help minorities reach their career potentials in advancing to executive positions in the IT industry through understanding the most desirable leadership styles for upward mobility.</p>

The past generation's revolution in medical ethics has had a tremendous impact on the definition of the therapeutic relationship. Where the traditional virtuous physician motivated by philanthropy once practiced "therapeutic deception", today health care practitioners in a variety of disciplines are held to a professional standard which demands that the therapeutic relationship be based in good communication between patient and caregiver. Medical ethics now looks to the images of contractual negotiation and covenantal compassionate presence to overcome the clash of values which may occur when patient and caregiver meet as strangers. In the U.S., a significant number of hospital patients are not only strangers to their caregivers and American medicine, they are strangers to the very language in which differences could be explained and strong therapeutic relationships established. Non-English speaking patients pose a complex problem for the ethical dedication to informed consent, as they are unable to take an active part in treatment without translation. In a study of 226 Hispanic hospital patients, non-English speaking patients were shown to have limited understanding of their conditions and treatment, and almost no meaningful interaction with their caregivers. Ironically, where patient satisfaction with medical care has been shown repeatedly to be based in factors of communication, non-English speaking patients placed almost no importance on their communication with the staff. Overall they had little interest in the active role that contemporary ethics assigns to patients. Non-English speaking patients' limited role in their own care also poses legal questions about the validity of their consent to treatment. Few non-English speaking patients are provided with translation, even for official consent documents. There is some indication, moreover, that an inability to speak English contributes to longer hospital stays. Providing the professional medical translation which would afford non-English speaking patients the ethical hospital care that they deserve might not only ensure against litigation, it may also save money for hospitals, insurers, and public health funds.

A study of first generation Chinese youth and their parents who have immigrated to Houston, Texas reveals that identity for this group (Chinese youth in particular) emerges from the opposition of the submissive connection to the authority of networks, and the dominant American (United States) individualism which promotes private self-interest and, hence, tends to sever communal relations. Identity is thus a consideration of opposition/contingency and same/different. An examination of identity requires recognizing that cultural inheritance impacts one's determination and ability to function within the given world. For the Chinese in this study, "ghosts" of their past remind and connect them to their cultural inheritance; they take with them what they remember leaving behind. Yet, whereas an established history and sanguinal traditions are advantageous to perpetuate facts and myths, an evolving culture which is creating new identities with and within each new generation is unfolding beyond, even in spite of, the established Chinese traditions. Furthermore, the Chinese in this study group lack the amphibolic, unstable footing characteristic of liminars who straddle two cultures, producing in themselves hybrid positioning, generating for themselves ambivalence and alienating identification. Rather than assimilate to the Western milieu, the Chinese accommodate themselves and live as a paracommunity with the dominant culture of their host city. Chinese parents' most apodictic means of countering Western influence on their children is with Chinese language schools, having the youth participate in Chinese community events, encouraging the younger Chinese to develop a network of Chinese friends, and insisting that the youth retain the Chinese values they have exemplified for them at home. By applying linguistic considerations, particularly functionalism, to create meaning, clearly there is space within the appetite for dialectics of immigration to this country (and others) and the cultural processes which ensue to resist lumping all diasporic people as liminars and hybrids.

Within contemporary anthropology, the tradition of the single site ethnography is being challenged as inadequate to the task of representing the complexity of modern social life. A multi-site ethnography examines the network of complex connections within a system of places and the implications for the formation of group identity through popular cultural practices. Low riding is a popular culture organized around the activities of fashioning and showing baroquely customized automobiles by men and women from 13 to 45 years of age and is considered to be a distinctly "Chicano" (Mexican American) form. Low riding originated largely in the 1960s in Los Angeles, a center of industry, mass media communication, and Mexican American culture in the United States. There low riding practices serve to remap the bounds of mobility to correspond to experienced limits and to express and facilitate preferred forms of sociality. In Houston, Texas, low riding became popular in the late seventies simultaneous with the oil industry boom and regional distribution of Low Rider Magazine. It served as a way for Mexican Americans dispersed throughout the city, many only recent residents, to create a community. In Espanola, New Mexico (also known as "Little L.A."), a largely Hispano town located between the art and tourist centers of Santa Fe and Taos, Chicano low riding is part of the regional intensification of ethnic identity that has been born from the potentially alienating experiences of labor outmigration to California and other areas of the Southwest coupled with increased ethic and recreational tourism in northern New Mexico. Low rider car culture has created an alternate cultural space for performance, participation and interpretation, one that allows for the reworking of the limitations placed upon "minority" cultures in the United States, but one that also indicates how racial discrimination and class identification become divisive to the assertion of cultural identity.

In this work, I make three very important assertions. First, whites were fanatical about keeping black men and white women sexually separated. In the white mind, no contamination of the Caucasian race could result unless white women came into sexual contact with black men. As a result, whites used both lawful and extra-legal methods to keep black men from their white women, despite taking sexual licenses with black women. Second, whites assumed that black men desired white women sexually. This assumption increased white hysteria and strengthened the resolve of whites to keep blacks segregated and subjugated. Finally, although whites assumed that blacks wanted to sexually intermingle, black leaders repeatedly disavowed any desire to do so. Blacks were content with being black and had no aspirations of losing their color or their culture.