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<p> The massive migration of rural labor to urban areas in China over the past few decades has created the largest labor flow in world history. The proportion of the residential population in rural areas decreased from 80% in the late 1970s to 44% in 2016. Due to institutional and practical constraints, whole family migration is often not feasible for most migrant families. As a result, 61 million children age 0-17 are estimated to be left behind in rural communities by at least one parent seeking employment elsewhere. These numbers reflect a major change in the family and community environment in which children are cared for. Parental migration brings about changes in family structure and dynamics, entails a trade-off between economic benefits and parenting inputs, such as parental supervision and emotional support. At community-level, large-scale selective migration leads to remarkable changes in community demographic composition, shifting sociocultural norms and aspirations, influencing community institutional resources and collective social capital. </p><p> Over the past few decades, the scientific literature examining the implications of this large-scale migration and split families on the well-being of children left-behind has proliferated. However, empirical evidence on the effect of parental migration on left-behind children&rsquo;s well-being is mixed for China and other countries in the context of international migration. Few studies have attempted to reconcile the inconsistent findings by examining the moderator effect. Although the potential effects of migration on cognitive development of children in origin communities reflect both household- and community-level processes, few studies have examined how community-level migration affects child development. In addition, mostly focused on the well-being of school-aged children, very limited study has been conducted on parental migration and early childhood development in the first few years of children&rsquo;s lives, especially in the domain of cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Moreover, most researches have relied on cross-sectional data, exploring the association between a contemporaneous measure of parental migration and statically measured child outcomes at one point in time, ignoring the potential impact of the timing, transition and cumulative exposure to parental migration/absence, and may also be prone to selection bias. </p><p> To bridge the gap, the first analysis examines the conditions that may influence the effect of parental migration on child self-rated health (SRH). The results suggest a relatively weak main effect, but this is due in part to the influence of moderating factors. Children are more likely to report a good health status when the economic return of migration is substantial, if they are from impoverished communities, or when mothers remained at home to provide care while the father migrated a short distance within the same province. The second analysis focuses on examining community migration effect. Findings suggest lower cognitive achievement in communities experiencing high migration intensity. Children living in very high migration intensity areas are expected to have 3.57- and 1.54-unit lower verbal and math scores, which are equivalent to 1.67 and 0.87 years of formal education respectively. A possible explanation for this effect is the change in demographic composition brought about by the outmigration of better-educated adults. Finally, applying growth curve modeling strategy, the third analysis examines parental migration and early childhood development trajectories and states, taking into account timing, transition and cumulative exposure to parental migration. Our findings indicate that while left-behind children are comparable in the prevalence of childhood illness, positive behaviors and preschool enrollment, two-parent migration has a detrimental effect on children&rsquo;s linear growth, cognitive stimulation, and home environment. Lack of appropriate cognitive stimulation in the critical early years could have important implications for child cognitive development.</p><p>

This project proposes to develop a multiple-cause-of-death model of cancer mortality differentials at the older ages (45 and over), and to test its efficacy in comparison with the traditional model. The primary goal is to show that a multiple-cause-of-death model reveals different results of mortality differential by age, race, and sex than those observed under a single underlying-cause-of-death model. If positive findings are observed, then a multiple-cause concept of human mortality needs to be considered as an alternative to the underlying-cause concept in studies of differential mortality. / The specific objectives of the project are to (1) discuss previous research showing the relative importance of examining multiple causes of death in mortality analyses, (2) extend the current research by considering age-race-sex-specific death rates within a multiple-cause-of-death model of cancer mortality differentials at the older ages, (3) design a methodology to utilize multiple-cause data in differential mortality analyses, and (4) compare results from multiple-cause analysis with those from underlying-cause analysis. / The first objective consists of a review of the literature on causes of death, the epidemiological transition, and mortality differentials. Following this review, an argument is given in support of a multiple cause-of-death conceptual model. The second objective consists of applying a multiple-cause-of-death framework to cancer mortality differentials. The third objective consists of designing analytical methods to utilize multiple cause data. / The fourth objective consists of constructing appropriate rates (i.e., underlying, total mention, and multiple cause rates by age, race, and sex), comparing the results, and interpreting the findings. / Findings indicate that a multiple-cause-of-death approach to cancer mortality differentials at the older ages is an alternative to the underlying-cause-of-death approach. Even though cancer is the major cause of death most likely to be cited as an underlying cause, differentials in cancer mortality vary when the two data bases are used. When specific types of cancer are examined, differentials using total mentions may be wider or narrower than those based on underlying causes and may even be reversed. Use of an underlying cause-of-death framework especially understates the level of cancer-related mortality at the older ages. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-05, Section: A, page: 1892. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1986.

This study evaluates three hypotheses of return migration from Australia: the success hypothesis, the failure hypothesis and the continued evaluation hypothesis. Under the success hypothesis, migrants integrate well into Australian society, but return when they reach their target income. The failure hypothesis proposes that migrants have strong ties to their country of origin and do not integrate well into Australian society. This weak level of integration leads to low probabilities of finding employment and low wage. That, combined with the high pecuniary costs associated with remaining in Australia leads to high probabilities of return migration when economic conditions in Australia are poor. Under this scenario, migrants tend to be older, married and are poorly skilled. In the final hypothesis--the continued evaluation hypothesis--migrants retain strong ties to their country of origin while also integrating into Australian society. However, unlike the previous two hypotheses, migrants continue to compare economic conditions in their country of origin with those in Australia, and return when benefits outweigh the costs of remaining in Australia. The three hypotheses are tested using data from Australian arrival and departure cards and a Cox proportional hazard model. The continued evaluation path hypothesis is found to be most appropriate for Hong Kong, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, whereas the success hypothesis is most applicable for South Africa, Viet Nam and Yugoslavia. There was little support for the failure hypothesis.

With a representative sample of 487 elementary schools serving 3 rd grade and 490 elementary schools serving 5th grade in Arizona, this study examined the relationship between student mobility and student academic achievement. Controlling for student family background and school characteristics, multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between mobility and academic achievement for math, reading and language in 3rd and 5th grade. This negative effect was pronounced for high SES schools. For all regression analyses performed, a key finding was that much of the variation in standardized test scores for math, reading and language in both 3rd and 5th was consistently explained by mobility, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Separate analyses were conducted for low SES, middle SES, and high SES schools. A comparison of the means reveals a stark reality. Low SES students in Arizona have higher mobility rates, are more likely to be Hispanic or other minority ethnicity, are poor, and are taught by teachers with less experience and education compared to high SES students. However, regression results show that mobility was not significantly related to academic achievement for low SES students; rather an unexpected consistent statistically significant negative effect on achievement was observed across all subject areas for 3rd and 5 th grade for high SES students.

This report examines the mortality of the James Bay Cree of northern Quebec during the period 1982-1986. Life expectancy at birth is higher in this population than among most other North American Indians. Infant mortality remains high, due to high death rates in the postneonatal period. Genetic diseases, infections, and accidents take a heavy toll among Cree infants and children. The Cree continue to experience lower mortality rates than Canada as a whole from cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The rate of drownings remains ten times the Canadian rate, but the Cree are still relatively exempt from the high incidence of accidental and violent deaths which effect many North American Indian groups.

<p> This study addressed the frequently discussed issue of a relationship between the demographic diversity of a workgroup and its performance, by empirically testing for a relationship between a complex conceptualization of diversity (demographic faultlines) and workgroup performance bifurcated into processes, specifically relationship and task conflict, and outcomes, in terms of groups member's individual satisfaction with the group, commitment to the group, liking of other group members, and intent to stay. In addition, it hypothesized processes (relationship and task conflict) as mediators of outcomes. An online survey was administered at a single firm, ultimately gathering data from a sample population of 95 workgroups, representing 389 individual members. Using hierarchical regression analysis, the strength of the demographic faultline (<i>Fau</i>) of each group was tested for a relationship with relationship and task conflict and workgroup outcomes. Controlling for group size, the study found <i>Fau</i> positively predictive of relationship and task conflict, and not predictive of workgroup performance outcomes (given the finding of no relationship between <i>Fau</i> and outcomes, relationship and task conflict as mediators of outcomes was not tested), confirming only one of five hypotheses. The possible impact of the sample characteristics on this field study was discussed in conjunction with the theoretical, research, and practical implications of the findings.</p>

<p> This dissertation is dedicated to an exploration of "Wood's Method" -- a novel approach to fitting demographic transition matrices to age and sex population count data. Demographic transition matrices, otherwise known as "Leslie matrices," are extensively used to forecast population by age, sex, and other characteristics. Our implementation of Wood's Method simplifies the creation of age and sex population forecasts greatly by reducing the amount of data necessary to create a demographic transition matrix. Furthermore, the method can be used to infer a demographic component of change (one of migration, fertility, or mortality) if the other two components are specified. </p><p> In Chapter One, we introduce Wood's Method, as well as showing some illustrative examples. In Chapter Two, we evaluate the accuracy of Wood's Method by crossvalidating age and sex specific forecasts for 3,120 US counties. In Chapter Three, we present a simpler, alternative derivation of Wood's Method with an extensive example and show some extensions to the method made possible by this new formulation. In Chapter Four, we use the method to examine migration rates at the US County level and show important results regarding clustering of migration. Each chapters is independent of the others, but should be read in order. </p><p> To our knowledge, this is the first time Wood's Method has been used for forecasting human populations. We hope to show its viability as a forecasting and analysis method and sketch directions for further research.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Syracuse University, 2005. / "Publication number AAT 3193854."

<p> Actualmente, Puerto Rico est&aacute; atravesando la transici&oacute;n demogr&aacute;fica, lo que provoca que la poblaci&oacute;n envejecida est&eacute; aumentando. Este reto es debido a la reducci&oacute;n en las tasas de natalidad, las altas tasas de migraci&oacute;n, las tasas de mortalidad; el mismo tiene diversas implicaciones sociales. La religi&oacute;n, como elemento pro-social, sirve como herramienta para lidiar con los diversos desaf&iacute;os que atraviesan los adultos mayores; demostrando una influencia positiva en la vida y en la salud de estos individuos. No obstante, la religi&oacute;n como factor en las investigaciones demogr&aacute;ficas, no ha sido estudiada en Puerto Rico. </p><p> Por consiguiente, existe una necesidad de proveer informaci&oacute;n sobre las caracter&iacute;sticas sociodemogr&aacute;ficas de las personas de 60 a&ntilde;os o m&aacute;s por grupo religioso, sus caracter&iacute;sticas religiosas, sus redes de apoyo y su estado de salud, ya que estas variables influyen en la vida del envejecido. Se utiliz&oacute; un estudio descriptivo, trabajando con la base de datos &ldquo;Condiciones de Salud de los Adultos de Edad Mayor en Puerto Rico: 2002-2003&rdquo; (conocido por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s, PREHCO). Los resultados y discusi&oacute;n de este trabajo, les proveer&aacute;n a los lectores un mejor marco para estudiar la influencia de la religi&oacute;n en estos individuos. Adem&aacute;s, se espera que esta investigaci&oacute;n despierte el inter&eacute;s de profesionales de la salud y l&iacute;deres religiosos, para as&iacute; poder realizar distintos planes de acci&oacute;n o pol&iacute;ticas p&uacute;blicas para trabajar con esta poblaci&oacute;n vulnerable.</p><p>