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This study tests the effects of the opportunity structure and socialization for family formation on the occupational attainment process of women in Jamaica. It shows that, the opportunity structure and socialization for family formation exert independent effects on occupational goals. However, with the exception of the net effect of type of secondary school, the effects of the opportunity structure and socialization for family formation vary with family structure. Similarly, with few exceptions, the effects of the opportunity structure on family formation also vary with family structure. / Using data from a survey of young women ages 13 to 17 and LISREL VII, a recursive linear structural model of occupational expectations is estimated. The results show that the direct effects of household size, type of secondary school and changes in the level of unemployment on occupational goals operate only in households headed by fathers. The effect of mother's education is indirect and operates only where households are headed by fathers. Where households are headed by mothers or other relatives, that is, where fathers are not present, the effects of the opportunity structure on occupational goals are indirect. / The direct effects of young women's family formation goals, specifically, the age at which they expect to have their first child and type of conjugal union, on their occupational goals are also a function of family structure. Where fathers are heads of households there is a direct link between occupational goals and the expected age at entry into motherhood. Where mothers or other relatives are heads of households, there is a direct link between occupational goals and expecting to live in married unions. / Finally, the effects of the opportunity structure on family formation goals also vary with family structure. / I recommend that policies to address family structure and community development become components of Jamaica's development plans and, that existing policies that address the structure of secondary education be enhanced. Policy makers can effect changes in goals and, ultimately in attainment and behavior, by effecting changes in major societal institutions and in community development. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-03, Section: A, page: 1123. / Major Professor: David F. Sly. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1993.

This dissertation examines the factors that determine child labor in Indonesia in the context of modernization theory. The analysis focuses on children ages 10-19 years old both in and out of school, and also on the type of labor they performed, as paid or unpaid family workers. For this purpose the Indonesian Labor Force Survey (Sakernas 1988) was used. / Seven variables were used in the logistic model to explain the variation of child labor. These variables are place of residence, child's age, child's gender, family size, head of household's education, gender, and occupation. / The results suggest that rural areas, older children, boys, smaller family size, less educated parents, and parents from traditional jobs are related to child labor. In general, out of school children are more likely to be involved in child labor than are in school children, and more often as paid laborers. / The results indicate that children from rural areas were much more often involved in child labor for both in and out of school children. Out of school working children from urban areas are more than twice as likely to work in paid labor than are in school children. Older children, as well as boys, were more involved in child labor and in the paid labor market. However, interaction terms exist between child's gender and head of household's education and occupation for out of school children only, and implies that the effect of parents' education and occupation on child labor and type of labor were different across child's gender when interacted with the parents' education and occupation. The findings also indicated that increasing the parents' education tends to reduce child labor, and if the children work it tend to be in the paid labor force both for in and out of school children. Children from parents of unpaid family workers, as well as children from parents who are self-employed assisted by family members or employers are more often to be involved in child labor and working as unpaid family workers. / Overall, the findings suggest that the variation of child labor in this country can be explained in terms of modernization theory. Working or non working status as well as work for paid or as work for family worker very much depend on whether the children are living in modern or non-modern environment and family background. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-09, Section: A, page: 3602. / Major Professor: David F. Sly. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1993.

Financial Transfers among New Legal Immigrants to the United States

I extend the literature on the long-term effects of growing up in a single parent family by investigating patterns of entry into co-residential relationships. I address three primary questions: (1) what are the effects of family structure growing up, particularly time spent with a single parent, on entry into first marriage or cohabitation; (2) how do these effects vary depending on the type of disruption experienced, the age of the child when the disruption occurs, the number of years spent in a single parent home, the sex of the single parent and whether a parental remarriage occurred; and (3) how do the effects of growing up in a single parent home vary over cohort as the experience became one more commonly experienced? I investigate these issues within a life course perspective, along with mid-level explanations--including childhood socialization, social control, instability and change and economic. I also use cohort theories of social change to understand changes over time in the relationship between family structure growing up and relationship formation. Using data from the National Survey of Family and Households, I employ partial likelihood hazard models to address the above questions. The results indicate people who grew up in a single parent family tend to either accelerate or delay marriage and cohabitation, relative to the union-formation timing of their two-parent peers. The magnitude and direction of effects depends on specific aspects of family structure growing up--whether the single parent was a mother or a father, whether the custodial mother remarried, whether time spent with a single parent was in childhood or adulthood and whether there were multiple family structure transitions over the course of childhood and adolescence. The specific findings lend support primarily to the socialization and instability explanations, but do not support the social control explanation. As single parenthood became more common over the course of this century, the effects of family structure on marriage timing appears to be changing as well. The effects on early marriage largely remain but the effects on delayed marriage, compared to those from two-parent families, has generally declined.

This dissertation examined the relationship between Hispanic population proportion (HPROP) and an index variable indicating the provision of library services to the Spanish-speaking in the State of Arizona (PLSS). Mailed in the summer of 1999 to 169 public library facilities, a survey collected information on libraries' provision of Spanish-speaking personnel, Spanish-language materials, and Spanish-format library services. Regression analysis indicated that HPROP has a significant effect upon PLSS (B = .600, p < .0001). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) procedure indicated that libraries in metropolitan areas were more likely than non-metropolitan libraries to provide service to Spanish-speakers (F = 106.72, p < .0001). Another ANCOVA found that libraries closer to the Mexican border were not significantly more likely to provide PLSS than libraries farther away from the border (F = 68.33, p > .0001); and a t-test revealed that libraries which maintained interaction with bilingual or ESL teachers were more likely to provide PLSS for Spanish-speaking children than libraries that did not interact with bilingual or ESL teachers ( t = -4.6351, p < .0001). Conclusions reached in this dissertation are that libraries plan their services and collections based on local demographics and community needs; that rural libraries are often unable to provide PLSS, possibly due to financial constraints; and that proximity to a political boundary does not always influence libraries on one side of that boundary.

<p> Using longitudinal data from Panel Study of Income and Dynamic (PSID) and multivariate analyses, this dissertation examines the dynamic and longitudinal relationship between gender, occupational career and health among people of working age under the new economy. The major concern is whether there are gender differences in the health returns to occupation/employment resources across life course, whether the gendered health gap diverges with age, and whether health affect men' and women's employment transitions and occupational mobility differently. </p><p> Results show that women experience significantly poorer health than men, but this health gap reduces with aging. The health disadvantages experienced by women are entirely explained by SES status. Working becomes increasingly important to maintain health as people age. However, women receive far fewer health rewards from employment than men, and this unequal health returns to employment are compounded with age. The health benefit from a higher occupational status is similar for men and women across the life course. More importantly, all else being equal, health of women declines at a rate half that of men, showing a reversed gender health gap toward old age. Regarding health selection, results show that health is not a predictor of occupational status for either men or women, but is an important predictor for employment status and downward mobility of both genders. </p><p> From a theoretical standpoint, this research illustrates the limitation of using one dominate life course theory, and calls for a more prominent theory that examine both biological and social processes that contribute to the life course gender health inequality. Methodologically, results suggest the superiority of combining longitudinal designs with hierarchical longitudinal models, which are able entangle the within-person health change and between-person effects of time. From a policy standpoint, the study suggests that family-friendly policies should be able to improve both women's employment and, by extension, their health status.</p>

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<p> The purpose of this project is to explore whether regionalism &mdash;specifically southern distinctiveness&mdash; persists in the contemporary US. While this was a popular area of study prior to and through the 1980s, the topic of regionalism has largely disappeared from the contemporary sociological landscape with only a handful of exceptions. The present study uses pooled data from the NORC General Social Surveys to explore the persistence and/or change of white southern distinctiveness by examining attitudes toward African American inequality, the role of government in helping the poor, homosexuality and civic tolerance. </p><p> The paper first discusses theoretical causes for declining southern distinctiveness. These potential causes are largely guided by Durkheim's Division of Labor. Briefly, as society advances, increased interdependence on others from different backgrounds along with increased mobility challenges the value of regional culture and attitudes. In this environment, holding onto regional culture may hinder full and effective participation in society therefore leading to a decline in southern distinctiveness. In spite of this, there are a number of tools which may work to maintain regional differences. Namely, the southern culture, with an "insularity of mind", cultural carriers like religion and family, may all work together to maintain that characteristics that make the southern region stand out. The paper also considers how cohort and period effects may vary in influence by region thus working to potentially challenge and maintain regional distinctiveness. </p><p> The study uses the cumulative 1972-2012 GSS dataset in the exploration of how the American south has or has not remained distinct. Estimating appropriate regression models, differences between southerners and nonsoutherners are explored. Also recognizing the potential influence of migration in or out of a South the study also considers how residents new to the South and Nonsouth differ from native nonsoutherners. This permits the opportunity to see whether or not and to what degree early socialization matters. Additionally, the models also consider cohort and year effects in order to better demonstrate the nuance of regional distinctiveness and its change over time. </p><p> The findings indicate a number of valuable outcomes which will be discussed in detail. First, the results of all of the models suggest that region still matters. In short, even when controlling for various effects, southerners continue to indicate more socially conservative attitudes than nonsoutherners. Additionally, contact with the South, be it as a child or as an adult, is also associated with indicating attitudes that are more congruent with native southerners than native nonsoutherners. </p><p> The findings show that the effects of migration on social attitudes are nuanced and may vary depending upon the social attitude being examined. Last, the result from the study show that in spite of continued regional distinctiveness, there is some evidence that southern and nonsouthern attitudes on a number of social issues may be slowly converging. Though far from the rapid convergence some may have proposed two decades ago, this is slow and with its own qualifications. </p>

To evaluate the extent to which the provision of universal and free of charge health care services contributes to the reduction of socio-economic disparities in health status, we studied mortality due to causes amenable to medical intervention by social class in Montreal from 1984 to 1988. / The study territory was divided into quintiles based on income data from the 1986 census. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for each quintile. / For all causes mortality, comparisons of the richest and poorest quintiles showed a two-fold difference in both crude death rates and standardized mortality ratios. The discrepancy between quintiles was most apparent for deaths before age 65, particularly among males. We have identified that deaths amenable to medical intervention are still observed in Montreal. Marked social class disparities in deaths amenable to medical intervention are present but they tend to be less important than those observed for causes of death known to be associated with behavioral risk factors. The observed disparities may indicate a different relationship of disadvantaged persons with health care services. The significance of these results and their implications for research and intervention are discussed.