This thesis explores mining the evolutionary history of a software system to support software developers and managers in their endeavors to build and maintain complex software systems. We introduce the idea of evolutionary extractors which are specialized extractors that can recover the history of software projects from software repositories, such as source control systems. The challenges faced in building C-REX, an evolutionary extractor for the C programming language, are discussed. We examine the use of source control systems in industry and the quality of the recovered C-REX data through a survey of several software practitioners. Using the data recovered by C-REX, we develop several approaches and techniques to assist developers and managers in their activities. We propose <em>Source Sticky Notes</em> to assist developers in understanding legacy software systems by attaching historical information to the dependency graph. We present the <em>Development Replay</em> approach to estimate the benefits of adopting new software maintenance tools by reenacting the development history. We propose the <em>Top Ten List</em> which assists managers in allocating testing resources to the subsystems that are most susceptible to have faults. To assist managers in improving the quality of their projects, we present a complexity metric which quantifies the complexity of the changes to the code instead of quantifying the complexity of the source code itself. All presented approaches are validated empirically using data from several large open source systems. The presented work highlights the benefits of transforming software repositories from static record keeping repositories to active repositories used by researchers to gain empirically based understanding of software development, and by software practitioners to predict, plan and understand various aspects of their project.

This thesis explores mining the evolutionary history of a software system to support software developers and managers in their endeavors to build and maintain complex software systems. We introduce the idea of evolutionary extractors which are specialized extractors that can recover the history of software projects from software repositories, such as source control systems. The challenges faced in building C-REX, an evolutionary extractor for the C programming language, are discussed. We examine the use of source control systems in industry and the quality of the recovered C-REX data through a survey of several software practitioners. Using the data recovered by C-REX, we develop several approaches and techniques to assist developers and managers in their activities. We propose <em>Source Sticky Notes</em> to assist developers in understanding legacy software systems by attaching historical information to the dependency graph. We present the <em>Development Replay</em> approach to estimate the benefits of adopting new software maintenance tools by reenacting the development history. We propose the <em>Top Ten List</em> which assists managers in allocating testing resources to the subsystems that are most susceptible to have faults. To assist managers in improving the quality of their projects, we present a complexity metric which quantifies the complexity of the changes to the code instead of quantifying the complexity of the source code itself. All presented approaches are validated empirically using data from several large open source systems. The presented work highlights the benefits of transforming software repositories from static record keeping repositories to active repositories used by researchers to gain empirically based understanding of software development, and by software practitioners to predict, plan and understand various aspects of their project.

Orientador: Cecilia Mary Fischer Rubira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_PetersonPeixotodos_M.pdf: 1073315 bytes, checksum: 7071b3cca814f678b2dae606f78f6eff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: À medida que os sistemas de software evoluem, precisam garantir requisitos funcionais e de qualidade cada vez mais complexos e com maior rigor de qualidade. Nos _últimos anos, várias abordagens e ferramentas t^em sido propostas para guiar o processo de desenvolvimento de software visando atingir altos níveis de qualidade. O Desenvolvimento Baseado em Componentes (DBC) _e uma das técnicas mais bem aceitas tanto na indústria quanto no meio acadêmico e se propõe a compor sistemas de software a partir de componentes reutilizáveis já prontos e, se possível, de uma relativamente pequena quantidade de linhas de código específicas para a aplicação. Existem diversas plataformas para DBC, das quais Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) _e uma das mais populares. Por outro lado, tolerância a falhas _e uma das abordagens mais empregadas para construir sistemas que consigam prover seus serviços especificados mesmo na presença de diferentes tipos de falhas de forma a atingir os níveis desejados de confiabilidade. O conceito de Ação Atômica Coordenada (CA Action) foi proposto para prover tolerância a falhas em sistemas concorrentes orientados a objetos, integrando os conceitos complementares de conversação (concorrência cooperativa) e transação atômica (concorrência competitiva) e estabelecendo uma semântica para tratamento de exceções concorrentes (exceções lançadas simultaneamente por threads concorrentes) além de dar suporte ao uso conjunto de recuperação de erro por avanço e por retrocesso. A proposta deste trabalho _e acrescentar _a plataforma de desenvolvimento baseado em componentes Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) alguns mecanismos de tolerância a falhas propostos pelo conceito de CA Action. A implementação da solução proposta foi baseada em Java, programação orientada a aspectos e no conceito de comunicação assíncrona implementada pelos componentes message-driven beans da plataforma Java Enterprise Edition. A solução foi avaliada através da construção de 2 estudos de caso: (i) uma aplicação JBoss baseada em message-driven beans e (ii) um sistema real de faturamento de energia elétrica. Desta forma, procuramos demonstrar a factibilidade de proporcionar mecanismos simples para adaptações permitindo que aplicações desta plataforma possam usufruir de mais benefícios de tolerância a falhas sem grandes modificações em seu código fonte já previamente implementado e implantado / Abstract: As software systems evolve, they should provide stronger functional and quality requirements. In the last years, many diferent approaches and tools have been proposed to guide software development process aiming to achieve higher quality levels. Component-Based Development (CBD) is one of the most accepted techniques in the academy as well as in the industry and proposes to build software systems from pre-existing reusable components and, if possible, a relative low quantity of application specific glue code. There are many CBD platforms and Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is one of the most popular. Fault tolerance is one of the most adopted means to build up systems that are capable of providing their intended service, even if only partially, when faults occur, so as the desired reliability levels be achieved. The Coordinated Atomic Action (CA Action) concept was proposed to provide fault tolerance in concurrent object-oriented software systems and to integrate two complementary concepts, conversations (cooperative concurrency) and transactions (competitive concurrency). It establishes a semantic for concurrent exception handling and also supports the combined use of forward and backward error recovery. This work proposes to extend the component-based development platform Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) with some of the fault tolerance means proposed by CA Action's concept by incorporating a concurrent exception handling mechanism to the platform. The proposed solution implementation was based on Java, aspect oriented programming and on the asynchronous communication concept implemented by Java EE message-driven bean components. The solution was assessed by two case studies: (i) a JBoss application based on message-driven beans and (ii) a real billing system for electric power companies by which we try to demonstrate the feasibility of providing simple means for adapting Java Enterprise Edition applications in a way that they could appropriate more fault tolerance benefits without big changes in their previously implemented and deployed source code / Mestrado / Engenharia de Software / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Cecília Mary Fischer Rubira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braz_Alan_M.pdf: 1903353 bytes, checksum: 9bff9aefdcc11d6d8fe46490302d6291 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os Métodos Ágeis, ou Desenvolvimento Ágil de Software (DAS), tem se popularizado, na última década, por meio de métodos como Extreme Programming (XP) e Scrum e isso fez com que fossem aplicadas no desenvolvimento de sistemas computacionais de diversos tamanhos, complexidades técnica e de domínio, e de rigor quanto à confiabilidade. Esse fato evidencia a necessidade de processos de desenvolvimento de software que sejam mais rigorosos e que possuam uma quantidade adequada de modelagem e documentação, em especial no que concerne ao projeto arquitetural, com o objetivo de garantir maior qualidade no seu resultado final. A confiabilidade pode ser alcançada adicionando elementos de tratamento de exceções às fases iniciais do processo de desenvolvimento e à reutilização de componentes. O tratamento de exceções tem sido uma técnica muito utilizada na verificação e na depuração de erros em sistemas de software. O MDCE+ é um método que auxilia a modelagem do comportamento excepcional de sistemas baseados em componentes que, por ser centrado na arquitetura, melhora a definição e a análise do fluxo de exceções entre os componentes do sistema. Este trabalho propõe uma solução para guiar o desenvolvimento de sistemas confiáveis baseados em componentes por meio da adição de práticas do MDCE+ ao Scrum, resultando no método Scrum+CE (Scrum com Comportamento Excepcional). Esse processo passa a expor os requisitos excepcionais em nível das Estórias de Usuário, adiciona testes de aceitação mais detalhados, obriga a criação do artefato de Arquitetura Inicial e adiciona um novo papel de Dono da Arquitetura. Como forma de avaliar esse método proposto, foi realizado um experimento controlado com três equipes, que desenvolveram um sistema com requisitos de confiabilidade, utilizando Scrum e Scrum+CE. Foram coletadas métricas para comparar a eficiência do novo processo e o resultado obtido, com a utilização do Scrum+CE, foi à produção de software com melhor qualidade, porém com menor número de funcionalidades / Abstract: Agile Software Development (ASD) has been on mainstream through methodologies such as Extreme Programming (XP) and Scrum in the last decade enabling them to be applied in the development of computer systems of various size, technical and domain complexity and degress of reliability. This fact highlights the need for software development processes that are accurate and have an adequate amount of modeling and documentation, especially regarding the architectural design, aiming to increase the quality of the end result. The reliability can be achieved by adding elements of exception handling at early stages of development and through components reuse. Exception handling has been a widely used technique in detecting and fixing errors in software systems. The MDCE+ is a method that assists exceptional behavior modeling at components based systems, which is architecture-centric what improves the definition and flow analysis of exceptions between system components. This paper proposes a solution to guide the development of reliable systems based on components by adding MDCE+ practices to Scrum, resulting in the Scrum+CE method (Scrum with Exceptional Behavior). This process exposes the exceptional requirements, at the User Stories level, documents acceptance tests with more details, requires the creation of a high-level architecture artifact and adds a new role of Architecture Owner. In order to evaluate this proposed method, a controlled experiment was conducted with three teams, who developed a system with reliability requirements using Scrum and Scrum+CE. We collected metrics to compare the efficiency of the new process and the result was the production of software with better quality but with less features using Scrum+CE / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

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The dissertation aims to obtain an integrated and comprehensive perspective on measurement issues that play a strategic role in organisations that aim at continuous quality improvement through TQM. The multidimensional definition of quality is proposed to view quality holistically. The definition is dynamic, thus dimensions are subject to evolution. Measurement of the quality dimensions is investigated. The relationship between quality and cost, productivity and profitability respectively is examined. The product quality dimensions are redefined for processes. Measurement is a strategic component ofTQM. Integration of financial measures with supplier-; customer-; performance- and internal process measurement is essential for synergism. Measurement of quality management is an additional strategic quality dimension. Applicable research was integrated. Quantitative structures used successfully in industry to achieve quality improvement is important, thus the quality management maturity grid, cleanroom software engineering, software factories, quality function deployment, benchmarking and the ISO 9000 standards are briefly described. Software Metrics Programs are considered to be an application of a holistic measurement approach to quality. Two practical approaches are identified. A framework for initiating implementation is proposed. Two strategic software measurement issues are reliability and cost estimation. Software reliability measurement and modelling are introduced. A strategic approach to software cost estimation is suggested. The critical role of data collection is emphasized. Different approaches to implement software cost estimation in organisations are proposed. A total installed cost template as the ultimate goal is envisaged. An overview of selected software cost estimation models is provided. Potential research areas are identified. The linearity/nonlinearity nature of the software production function is analysed. The synergy between software cost estimation models and project management techniques is investigated. The quantification aspects of uncertainty in activity durations, pertaining to project scheduling, are discussed. Statistical distributions for activity durations are reviewed and compared. A structural view of criteria determining activity duration distribution selection is provided. Estimation issues are reviewed. The integration of knowledge from dispersed fields leads to new dimensions of interaction. Research and practical experience regarding software metrics and software metrics programs can be successfully applied to address the measurement of strategic indicators in other industries. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Operations Research)

Submitted by Secretaria Pós de Produção (tpp@vm.uff.br) on 2017-07-27T19:21:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 D2014 - José Cristiano Pereira.pdf: 9830334 bytes, checksum: d5be51799514c74451d0ca3358d7757b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T19:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D2014 - José Cristiano Pereira.pdf: 9830334 bytes, checksum: d5be51799514c74451d0ca3358d7757b (MD5) / O processo de fabricação de motores a jato é complexo. Perigos e riscos e muitos elementos críticos estão presentes em milhares de atividades necessárias para fabricar um motor. Na investigação realizada nota-se a inexistência de um modelo específico para calcular quantitativamente a probabilidade de falha operacional de um motor à jato. O objetivo da tese foi desenvolver um modelo causal para análise de risco probabilística de falhas de motores a jato em situação operacional de fabricação. O modelo se caracteriza pela aplicação de rede Bayesiana associada à árvore de falha / árvore de evento e elicitação de probabilidades por especialistas para quantificar a probabilidade de falha. Para a concepção da construção do modelo, foi inicialmente desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliométrica, através da consulta aos principais motores de busca nacionais e internacionais, em periódicos científicos e técnicos, bancos de dissertações/teses e eventos técnicos relacionados ao tema, para estabelecimento dos estado-da-arte e da técnica. Para a estimativa das probabilidades associadas aos cenários de falhas propostos, foi desenvolvido um processo de elicitação de probabilidade a partir da consulta a especialistas e técnicos. Na concepção do modelo foram consideradas três áreas de influência para a confiabilidade do sistema: humana, software e calibração. Como resultado foi desenvolvido o modelo CAPEMO, que é suportado por um aplicativo que utiliza a teoria das probabilidades (Lei de Bayes) para modelar incerteza. A probabilidade de falha estimada ao final da processo de fabricação, antes do motor ser colocado em operação, contribui no processo de tomada de decisão, melhoria da segurança do sistema e redução de riscos de falha do motor em operação / The process of jet engines manufacturing is complex. Hazards and risks and many critical elements are present in the thousands of activities required to manufacture an engine. In the conducted investigation it is observed a lack of a specific model to estimate quantitatively the probability of a jet engine operational failure. The goal of this thesis is to develop a causal model for probabilistic risk analysis of jet engines failure in manufacturing situational operation. The model is characterized by the application of Bayesian Network associated with the fault tree and event tree to quantify the probability of failure. For the establishment of state-of-the-art and technique and for the conception and construction of the model, a bibliometric research was conducted in the main national and international search engines, in the scientific and technical journals, in the database of dissertations/theses and technical events related to the topic. For the estimation of the probabilities associated with the proposed fault scenarios, a process of probability elicitation from technicians and experts was developed. In the design of the model three areas of influence for the reliability of the system were considered: human, software and calibration. As a result CAPEMO model was developed, that is supported by a software application that uses probability theory to model uncertainty. The probability of engine failure estimated at the end of the manufacturing process, before the motor be put into operation, helps in the allocation of resources in the decision-making process and improves system safety reducing the risk of engine failure in operation

The dissertation aims to obtain an integrated and comprehensive perspective on measurement issues that play a strategic role in organisations that aim at continuous quality improvement through TQM. The multidimensional definition of quality is proposed to view quality holistically. The definition is dynamic, thus dimensions are subject to evolution. Measurement of the quality dimensions is investigated. The relationship between quality and cost, productivity and profitability respectively is examined. The product quality dimensions are redefined for processes. Measurement is a strategic component ofTQM. Integration of financial measures with supplier-; customer-; performance- and internal process measurement is essential for synergism. Measurement of quality management is an additional strategic quality dimension. Applicable research was integrated. Quantitative structures used successfully in industry to achieve quality improvement is important, thus the quality management maturity grid, cleanroom software engineering, software factories, quality function deployment, benchmarking and the ISO 9000 standards are briefly described. Software Metrics Programs are considered to be an application of a holistic measurement approach to quality. Two practical approaches are identified. A framework for initiating implementation is proposed. Two strategic software measurement issues are reliability and cost estimation. Software reliability measurement and modelling are introduced. A strategic approach to software cost estimation is suggested. The critical role of data collection is emphasized. Different approaches to implement software cost estimation in organisations are proposed. A total installed cost template as the ultimate goal is envisaged. An overview of selected software cost estimation models is provided. Potential research areas are identified. The linearity/nonlinearity nature of the software production function is analysed. The synergy between software cost estimation models and project management techniques is investigated. The quantification aspects of uncertainty in activity durations, pertaining to project scheduling, are discussed. Statistical distributions for activity durations are reviewed and compared. A structural view of criteria determining activity duration distribution selection is provided. Estimation issues are reviewed. The integration of knowledge from dispersed fields leads to new dimensions of interaction. Research and practical experience regarding software metrics and software metrics programs can be successfully applied to address the measurement of strategic indicators in other industries. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Operations Research)

A certificação CERTICS foi desenvolvida para ser um instrumento de política pública que busca contribuir para o desenvolvimento nacional sustentável e pode apoiar as empresas nacionais de software na evolução necessária para se tornarem mais competitivas frente aos softwares estrangeiros. No entanto, esta certificação, assim como outras, requer investimento de profissionais e recursos financeiros, o que é um problema notadamente nas pequenas empresas de software. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar o GARREC, Guia para Atendimento dos Requisitos dos Resultados Esperados da CERTICS, que é uma ferramenta desenvolvida para apoiar no processo da certificação CERTICS, atuando em complemento à documentação existente. O GARREC foi construído visando facilitar o entendimento dos conceitos da CERTICS e no atendimento dos resultados esperados por meio de proposição de evidências, considerando cenários de pequenas empresas. Assim, o GARREC contribuirá para reduzir o investimento necessário para a certificação. O método de pesquisa adotado envolveu a análise do Modelo de Referência para Avaliação da CERTICS e o detalhamento dos Requisitos Específicos dos seus Resultados Esperados e, para estes foram propostas evidências para atendimento classificadas por relevância. Desta forma, todos os aspectos avaliados são considerados, garantindo qualidade de cobertura do atendimento aos requisitos da certificação. Para a avaliação do GARREC foi realizado um experimento no qual os participantes o utilizaram para atender a resultados esperados predeterminados e responderam a uma pesquisa. Participaram do experimento três empresas com diferentes níveis de conhecimento da CERTICS, uma empresa certificada, uma em processo de certificação e uma sem conhecimento anterior. A partir dos resultados coletados da pesquisa de avaliação, o GARREC atinge os seus objetivos de auxiliar no entendimento e no atendimento dos requisitos da certificação CERTICS, com 91,3% de aceitação aos itens de efetividade e 97,5% referente aos itens de aplicabilidade. Uma validação mais ampla em campo ainda se faz necessária para uma avaliação mais consistente da ferramenta. / The CERTICS certification was developed to be a public policy tool that seeks to contribute to sustainable national development and it can support national software companies in the evolution required to become more competitive compared to the foreign software. However, this certification, as well as others, requires professional investment and financial resources, which is usually a problem for small software companies. This work aims to present GARREC, Guide for Meeting the Requirements of Results Expected from CERTICS, which is a tool developed to support the understanding and obtaining of the CERTICS certification, working in addition to the existing documentation. GARREC was built to facilitate the understanding of the CERTICS’ concepts and in meeting the expected results through evidence proposition considering small business scenarios.Therefore, GARREC will contribute to reducing the investment required for certification. The research method involved the analysis of the Reference Model for Evaluation of CERTICS and detailing of the Specific Requirements of its Expected Results, and for these, evidence was presented to meet them, classified by relevance. In this way all evaluated aspects are considered, guaranteeing quality of coverage of the attendance to the certification requirements. For the GARREC evaluation, an experiment was carried out in which the participants used it to meet predetermined expected results and answered to a survey. Three companies with different levels of knowledge of CERTICS, a certified company, one in the process of certification and one without previous knowledge participated in the experiment. Based on the results of the evaluation survey, GARREC achieves its objectives of assisting in the understanding and fulfillment of CERTICS certification requirements, with 91.3% acceptance of the items referring to Effectiveness and, 97.5% acceptance of the related items Applicability. Further validation in the field is still necessary for a more consistent evaluation of the tool.