Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, March, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. App. Sc.)--Carleton University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-123). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis, (Ph. D.)--Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 1998.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Danuta Leszczynska, Florida State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 14, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Flinders University, School of Medicine. / Typescript bound. Includes bibliographical references: (leaves 190-203) Also available electronically.

Thesis (M. S. in Earth and Environmental Sciences)--Vanderbilt University, Dec. 2008. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2009. / Title from web page (viewed on Oct. 5, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Os manguezais estão sob constante risco de degradação devido a atividades industriais e portuárias nos estuários. Dentre estas atividades, a indústria petroquímica é uma importante fonte de poluição para estas áreas. Os efeitos dos hidrocarbonetos do petróleo sobre a comunidade de bactérias em solo de mangue são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variações nas atividades e diversidade metabólica e genética da comunidade microbiana em solo de mangue contaminado com petróleo. A área de estudo está localizada no Canal de Bertioga (Santos, SP), e sofreu um derramamento de petróleo em 1983. Nesta área, foram coletadas amostras de 3 pontos, em triplicata, em uma transeção de 300m entre o Rio Iriri e o contato mangue-encosta. As amostras foram denominadas: P1, próximo às margens do rio; P2, ponto intermediário entre P1 e P2; P3, próximo ao local do derramamento, no contato mangue-encosta. A análise química das amostras mostrou que a poluição remanescente era maior em P3, diminuindo na direção de P1, provavelmente devido à maior influência das correntes de fluxo e refluxo de maré. De cada ponto foram coletadas subamostras, representando as camadas 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90 e 90-100 cm, com exceção do P3, onde as amostras foram coletadas até 80 cm. Foram realizadas determinações de: pH, Umidade do Solo, Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias, C-biomassa, Respiração Basal (RB), Respiração Induzida pelo Substrato (RIS), Quociente Metabólico (qCO2), Diversidade Metabólica e Diversidade Genética. O NMP de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias foi em média 3,5 vezes maior no P3 do que no P1 e P2. A biomassa microbiana não variou com o ponto de amostragem, mas foi afetada significativamente pelo fator PROFUNDIDADE. Os maiores valores de C-biomassa foram observados na camada de 0 a 5cm. A RB foi afetada tanto pelo fator PONTO quanto pelo fator PROFUNDIDADE. No P3 a RB foi em média 39% maior do que no P1 e P2. Entre as profundidades, as amostras de 50 a 100cm apresentaram maior RB. A RIS foi afetada pela interação dos fatores PONTO e PROFUNDIDADE, sendo maior na camada de 0 a 5cm do P3. O qCO2 foi em média 45% menor no P2 do que no P1 e P3. A diversidade metabólica, avaliada pela capacidade de utilização de substratos de carbono não diferiu entre os pontos, mas apresentou decréscimo gradativo em função do aumento da profundidade. A separação de amplicons de rDNA 16S de Bacteria revelou uma diminuição da Riqueza de Espécies (SE) no P3, possivelmente devido à presença do petróleo. Essas alterações foram menores para Archaea. A análise de agrupamento hierárquico mostrou que as comunidades de Bacteria foram mais similares entre os pontos de amostragem do que entre as profundidades. Já, as comunidades de Archaea foram mais similares entre as profundidades do que entre os pontos de amostragem. De uma maneira geral, os resultados sugerem que, após 20 anos da contaminação com petróleo, as comunidades microbianas, principalmente de Bacteria, na área em estudo ainda não restabeleceram seu equilíbrio. / Mangroves are at constant risk of degradation due to industrial and harbor activities in the estuaries. Among potentially harmful activities, the petrochemical industries are important contamination sources for mangroves. Information on the effects of oil hydrocarbons on bacterial communities in mangrove soil is lacking. The objective of this work was to determine variations in the activities and metabolic and genetic diversities of microbial communities in an oil contaminated mangrove soil. The area studied is located in the Bertioga Channel (Santos, SP), and was contaminated by an oil spill in 1983. Samples were collected from three spots in a 300 m transect between the Iriri River and the mangrove-slope contact, and named: P1, spot in the vicinity of the riverbank; P2, intermediary spot; P3, spot in the vicinity of the oil spill (mangrove-slope contact). Chemical analyses of samples from these spots showed that the remaining oil concentration was higher at P3 and decreased towards P1, probably due the influence of flooding and tide reflux. From each spot, triplicate subsamples representing layers: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90 and 90-100 cm (except in P3, where sampling at depths higher than 80 cm was not possible) were collected. Soil samples were subjected to the following analyses: pH, Soil Humidity, Most Probable Number of Heterotrophic Bacteria (MPN), C-biomass, Basal Respiration (BR), Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR), Metabolic Quotient (qCO2), Metabolic Diversity and Genetic Diversity. The MPN of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria was 3.5 times higher in P3 than in P1 and P2. The microbial biomass did not show significant differences between sampled spots. However, significant differences were observed for sampling depths. The highest values of C-biomass were observed in 0 to 5 cm layers. The BR was significantly affected by factors SAMPLING SPOT and SAMPLING DEPTH. In P3, the average BR was 39% higher than in P1 and P2. Among sampling depths, the highest values for BR were observed at 50 to 100 cm. The SIR was significantly affected by the interaction between factors SAMPLING SPOT and SAMPLING DEPTH, and was highest in P3 at 0 to 5 cm. The average qCO2 was 45% lower in P2 than in P1 and P3. The metabolic diversity, based on the ability to use C-sources, did not differ among sampling spots, but showed a gradual decrease at greater depths. Analyses of Bacteria 16S rDNA amplicons by DGGE revealed lower species richness (SE) in P3, as compared to P1 and P2, which was probably associated with residual oil contamination. Archaea showed less variation in the samples. Hierarchical clustering showed that Bacteria community structures were more similar among sampling spots than sampling depths, whereas Archaea community structures were more similar among sampling depths than between sampling spots. In general, these results suggest that 20 years after an oil spill, Bacteria communities had been altered in a fashion that changed the community structure, but which did not affect their activity or function.

The state of soil is of great significance because it is a common medium for plant growth, which provides important nutrients to plants. Water pollution is the build-up of harmful substances in water bodies to the level that results in health problems for people and animals. Heavy metal pollution (of soil, water, and plants) and their health effects on people is a persistent social issue, and several types of research have recognized health risks of residents living close to open dumpsites. Dump sites are sources of heavy metal impurity and toxicity to the surrounding environment. Analyses were done on water and soil samples for temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, organic matter, organic carbon and total hardness. The pH results range from slightly acidic (6.79) to neutral soil pH (7.09), and have been recorded within the normal range from WHO. All the determined physicochemical properties in soil and water have been recorded within the normal range, except for EC in water which was found to be above the permissible limits by WHO. The heavy metals concentration was determined using the AAS technique. The results obtained shows that the dumpsite‘s soil consists of high metal concentration when compared to control site. The concentration in dumpsites ranges between 1.2783 ± 0.83 mg/kg to 26.3213 ± 6.37 mg/kg. The descending order for selected metal concentrations were in this following order Mn> Cu>Hg>Pb. The Pb and Hg mean concentration was recorded above permissible limits, while the Mn and Cu were within the normal range suggested by WHO. In both water and Acacia karroo samples the Cu was not detected. The trend of metal concentration in water sample was found to be in this order Hg> Mn > Pb> Cu, while in Acacia karroo metal concentration is Hg> Mn> Pb> Cu. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean concentration of selected metals in each sampling site. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean concentrations of selected metals; this is supported by the value of F-static and p-value (p <0.05)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-18. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000868393.pdf: 4850091 bytes, checksum: 9e863881d7956673b55a7327aa71fbcf (MD5) / Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é a comparação da eficiência de três técnicas: bombeamento, TPE (Two Phase Extraction) e DPE (Dual Phase Extraction), na remediação de uma área contaminada com óleo diesel no Estado de Minas Gerais. Observações empíricas em sistemas de remediação em diversas áreas impactadas nos EUA e América Latina indicam um aumento significativo (superior a 30%) na remoção da massa total de contaminantes com a utilização de DPE em relação ao bombeamento e ao TPE, considerando as taxas de recuperação de massa nas fases livre, dissolvida e vapor. Para a comparação entre as técnicas foram efetuados ensaios de bombeamento, TPE e DPE em duas subáreas da área em estudo (denominadas área 1 e área 2), cujos dados foram comparados aos resultados de modelos teóricos. A partir da compilação de dados de sistemas de remediação em operação e da realização de ensaios de campo, foi possível confirmar o aumento significativo das vazões de extração utilizando a técnica de DPE em relação às vazões obtidas com as técnicas de bombeamento e TPE. Para a área 1, a utilização do DPE resultou em vazão de extração de líquido 38,5% maior que a obtida por bombeamento. Nos testes realizados na área 2, a utilização do DPE no poço de extração PE-01 resultou em aumentos de 39,68% na vazão de líquido em relação ao TPE e de 43,77% em relação ao bombeamento. Já para o poço PM-28, a vazão média obtida com o DPE foi 47,63% maior em relação ao TPE e 51,3% maior em relação ao bombeamento. A maior efetividade do DPE em relação ao bombeamento convencional pode ser explicada pelo aumento do gradiente de pressão, que ocasiona maior mobilidade de água e de LNAPL para o interior do poço. Em relação ao TPE, o DPE também foi mais efetivo, e, neste caso, as maiores vazões de líquido obtidas podem ser explicadas pelo rebaixamento causado pelo bombeamento, somado ao aumento de fluxo causado pelo... / The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of three remediation techniques - pumping, TPE (Two Phase Extraction) and DPE (Dual Phase Extraction) - in a contaminated area with diesel in the state of Minas Gerais. Empirical observations for remediation systems in various areas affected in the US and Latin America indicate a significant increase (over 30%) in the total mass of contaminant removal with the use of DPE in relation to pumping and TPE, considering the recovery rates mass in free phase, dissolved phase and vapor phase. To compare the techniques the following methodologies were used: a) literature review; b) build systems operation data deployed in the area; c) conducting pumping tests, TPE and DPE in two sub-areas of the study area (known as Area 1 and Area 2); d) treatment and analysis of the obtained data; e) comparing the results with theoretical models. Using data compiled from field tests it was possible to confirm the significant increase in extraction flow using the DPE technique with respect to the flow obtained from pumping techniques and TPE. For area 1, the use of MPE resulted in the extraction liquid flow higher than the 38.5% compared to that obtained by pumping. In tests performed in area 2, the use of DPE in extraction well led to increase of 39.68% in the flow relative to the TPE and 43.77% with respect to the pumping. As for the PM-28 well, the average flow rate obtained with DPE was 47.63% higher compared to that of TPE and 51.3% higher compared to the pumping. The greater effectiveness of DPE compared to conventional pumping can be explained by the increased pressure gradient, which increase water and LNAPL yield into the well. With respect to TPE, DPE was also more effective,and, in this case, the highest net flow obtained can be explained by the drawdown induced by pumping, coupled with the augmented gradient caused by the application of vacuum