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Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: p. 110-123. / xiii, 123 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Two types of polymer, latex, a hydrophobic natural uncharged polymer, and, poly-diallyl dimethil ammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC), a hydrophilic synthetic positively charged polymer, were used as soil conditioners. Their effects on the stability of soil structure, hydrophobicity and on the growth of ryegrass were investigated. The study also monitored the rate of decomposition of latex in soil. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1997

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / Until recently use of ionic chemical soil stabilisers seemed hit or miss. The paper by paige-Green and Bennett explains that the stabilisers work only on soils containing reactive clays. The author's findings confirm this conclusion. It was shown that a CBR test, which can be done in any road soils laboratory, can be used to measure the chanqe in strength caused by the treatment of the soil with a chosen ionic stabiliser. South Africa is faced with a serious unemployment problem. The World Bank and the International Labour Organisation have shown that employment in construction can be significantly increased by the use of labour instead of machinery. Field trials showed that ionic stabilisers can readily be applied labour intensively. These stabilisers could improve marginal materials to road-building standard and this could further reduce the dependence on machinery by reducing the need to transport quantities of high quality gravel. / Andrew Chakane 2019

Reclamation of four salt-affected soils collected from southern Arizona was studied in the greenhouse and laboratory. Two rates of four amendments (sulphuric acid, gypsum, ammonium polysulphide, and ammonium thiosulphate) were applied in triplicate. Results were evaluated in terms of changes in nutrient availability, ions removed by leaching, plant growth, and infiltration rates. In most cases the high rates of sulphuric acid and gypsum increased the solubility of the major cations (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) in the soil. If the required amount of leaching water were applied to the soil, a significant amount of these cations, especially Na, was leached from the soil. For the Gothard soil (saline-sodic) two pore volumes were sufficient to accomplish leaching, but were insuffcient for the Guest (nonsaline-slightly sodic) and Gilman (highly saline-sodic) soils. High rates of sulphuric acid and gypsum decreased the pH and increased the EC for all soils, although the EC was not significant at the 5% level for the Mohall (nonsaline-nonsodic, calcareous) soil. All treatments decreased the pH of the Gothard soil significantly; however, the greatest increase in EC and least pH were obtained from acid application. Regarding changes in phosphorus (P), all treatments increased the amount of soluble P in the leachates from the Gothard and Guest soils; whereas available soil P increased significantly only with the acid treatments. None of the treatments affected the amount of P in the Gilman soil leachates, but acid and gypsum increased the available soil P. Ammonium polysulphide and ammonium thiosulphate tended to increase available P but the increase was not significant at the 5% level. None of the treatments affected the P parameters for the Mohall soil. Sulphuric acid increased growth and P uptake of alfalfa plants on all soils except the Mohall. Gypsum and ammonium polysulphide increased P uptake on the Gothard and Guest soils whereas ammonium thiosulphate increased P uptake only for the Guest soil. Sulphuric acid and gypsum increased the infiltration rates for all four soils. Thiosulphate produced intermediate infiltration rates while the lowest rates were found with ammonium polysulphide and the untreated soils. Although amendment rates were based on equivalent amounts of sulphur and their effectiveness in supplying soluble calcium, and the exchangeable sodium status of each soil, results varied according to such factors as rate of oxidation of the amendment, lime content of the soil, soluble salts present in the soil, and soil texture.

A long-term project was initiated in order to stuq the et!ecta of sawdust Jlltll.ch and two .forms of a synthetic soil conditioner on the yield of vegetable crops. Data is in this thesis concerning experimental results of two years, 1953 and 1954. In addition, a report is given on a preliminary study which was conducted in 1952. In general, not enough research has been done on this project to formulate definite conclusions. However, certain tr.nds are apparent: 1. The soil treatments have caused no significant changes in the pH values of the soil. 2. The treatments have caused no wide fluctuations in the amounts of calcium, magnesium, phosphoric acid, or potash in the soil. 3. The potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid tests, used by the Soils Laboratory of this institution, did not indicate that the soil treatments increased the organic matter content of the soil. 4. In general, synthetic soil conditioners as used in this test have produced no significant effects. 5. Incorporation of sawdust into the soil mq result in nitrate deficiency. However, this deficiency can be readily corrected by the addition or fertilizers containing nitrogen. 6. Sawdust mulch has, in general, benefitted the production of vegetable crops. The beneficial effects are probably caused by conservation of soil moisture (including an increase in the percentage of moisture available to plants), and by reduction of soil temperature fluctuations. / Master of Science

Submitted by TIARA MORAES GUIMARÃES null (tiaraguimaraes@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-12T20:05:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO FINAL - DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2061074 bytes, checksum: cd312ff121220dcddbf2d2a217e78cfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-15T13:36:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_tm_me_bot.pdf: 2061074 bytes, checksum: cd312ff121220dcddbf2d2a217e78cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T13:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_tm_me_bot.pdf: 2061074 bytes, checksum: cd312ff121220dcddbf2d2a217e78cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A calagem destaca-se entre as práticas agrícolas mais eficientes em resolver os problemas relacionados à acidez do solo, entretanto resulta em emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), principalmente CO2. É possível que o aumento no desenvolvimento radicular no perfil do solo e da biomassa aérea, decorrente da aplicação de corretivos de acidez, como o calcário, e de condicionadores, como o gesso agrícola, promova maior retorno de C ao solo na forma de resíduos, o que pode favorecer a fixação do CO2 da atmosfera no solo. Desta forma objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, bem como possíveis alterações no estoque de carbono do solo, em função da correção da acidez do solo utilizando calcário e gesso em sistema semeadura direta (SSD), além da emissão de carbono equivalente por unidade de massa de grãos produzida pelo feijoeiro. O presente trabalho é parte de um experimento de longa duração, instalado em 2002/03, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, em Botucatu (SP). Após a colheita do trigo em julho de 2014 semeou-se em outubro do mesmo ano milheto para produção de palha, e posteriormente a dessecação da área foi realizada a semeadura da cultura do feijão, no início de dezembro de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário (0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 kg ha-1) e as subparcelas por duas doses de gesso agrícola (0 e 2100 kg ha-1). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio total do solo, estoque de C e N do solo, C e N da biomassa microbiana do solo e teor de C e N na matéria seca. Foram determinados os fluxos de CO2; CH4 e N2O por meio de câmaras estáticas, nos períodos 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 dias após a semeadura do milheto e 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 21; 30; 60; 90 dias após a semeadura do feijão, totalizando 15 períodos de amostragens. Observou-se que as maiores emissões de CO2 estão relacionadas com o teor de CBMS, que é um indicativo de imobilização/mineralização de C pelos microrganismos. Sendo assim quanto maior o teor de CBMS, maior a imobilização de nutrientes no solo, maior a taxa de respiração e consequentemente maior emissão de CO2. A aplicação de gesso agrícola aumenta a oxidação de CH4 no solo, favorecendo assim a mitigação de GEE. A emissão de N2O está relacionada com a maior acidificação do solo e com o teor de água no solo. / Liming stands out among the most efficient agricultural practices in solving the soil acidity-related problems, however results in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly CO2. It is possible that the increase in root development in the soil profile and biomass, resulting from the application of soil correctives such as limestone and conditioners such as agricultural gypsum, promote greater return of C to the soil in the form of waste, which can promote the fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil. Thus aimed to evaluate the emission of greenhouse gases, and possible changes in the stock of soil carbon, depending on soil acidity correction using lime and phosphogypsum in no-tillage, in addition to carbon emissions equivalent per unit mass of grain produced by bean plants. This work is part of a long-term experiment, installed in 2002/03, at Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP in Botucatu (SP). After the wheat harvest in July 2014 the millet was sown in October of that year to produce straw, and after the desiccation of the area its was held the sowing of bean crop in early December 2014. The experimental design was performed in randomized block, in a split plot scheme, with four repetitions. The plots consisted of four liming rates (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha-1) and the subplots of two rates of phosphogypsum (0 to 2100 kg ha-1). The following evaluations were performed: total organic carbon and total soil nitrogen, stock of C and N of the soil, C and N microbial biomass of the soil and the contents of C and N in the dry matter. It were determined the CO2 streams; CH4 and N2O by static chambers in the periods 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 days after sowing of millet and 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30; 60; 90 days after sowing the beans, totaling 15 sampling periods. It was observed that the higher CO2 emissions are related to the CMBS content, which is indicative of immobilization / mineralization of the C by the microorganisms. Thus higher the CMBS content, higher the immobilization of the nutrients in the soil, higher the rate of breathing and consequently higher emissions of CO2. The application of gypsum increases the CH4 oxidation in the soil, favoring the mitigation of greenhouse gases. The N2O emission is related to the higher soil acidification and the water content in the soil.

Devido à persistência de metais pesados em solos, a contaminação por estes elementos é considerada permanente resultando no impacto agravante da degradação das propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo. As técnicas de estabilização para remediação de solos contaminados com metais pesados têm se destacado como uma opção eficaz, além de resultar num custo/benefício mais acessível quando comparado aos métodos de descontaminação tradicionais. Quando associada à fitoestabilização, constitui uma das técnicas mais promissoras, pois além de promover a reabilitação da área impactada, diminui os riscos ambientais, na medida em que protege o solo da erosão hídrica e reduz a lixiviação dos contaminantes. O conhecimento da distribuição dos metais nas frações do solo é essencial à predição do comportamento geoquímico destes no ambiente e, permite ainda avaliar a eficiência dos procedimentos remediadores e sua longevidade. Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni e Zn são de grande interesse na regulamentação por agências governamentais, visto que em concentrações elevadas em águas, solos e ar representam riscos à saúde humana. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou o potencial de imobilização de superfosfato triplo, lama vermelha e zeólitas para um solo contaminado com resíduo industrial rico em Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni e Zn, por meio de ensaio de incubação em vasos. Posteriormente, a capacidade de promover o crescimento vegetal em cada tratamento foi avaliada através de ensaios com milho (Zea mays), em vasos, e pelo método de Neubauer, em placas de Petri, utilizando o arroz (Oryza sativa). O comportamento e distribuição dos metais foram avaliados pelo método de extração seqüencial de Tessier. De maneira geral, todos os remediadores reduziram os teores disponíveis dos metais no solo, com variações sobre as doses e os elementos. O superfosfato triplo reduziu, principalmente, a disponibilidade de Pb, Cu e Zn. Zeólitas e lama vermelha apresentaram maior redução sobre os teores disponíveis de Cd e Ni. O superfosfato triplo promoveu redução de pH e, no sentido oposto, a lama vermelha elevou o pH do solo. Os dados de extração seqüencial apontaram o deslocamento dos metais para a fração oxi-hidróxidos de ferro e manganês, após os tratamentos. O superfosfato triplo foi o tratamento que mais promoveu o crescimento vegetal e produção de matéria seca. / Due to the heavy metal persistence in soils, the contamination by these elements is considered permanent and might result in great impact causing a degradation of the chemical and biological properties of the soil. Stabilization techniques have been used as an efficient tool for the remediation of soils that are contaminated by heavy metals, and they show also a cost/benefice relationship more accessible when compared with the traditional methods of decontamination. The association of stabilization and phytostabilization constitute a prominent technique because decrease the environmental risk besides recovering and rehabilitating the impacted area, protecting the soil from water erosion and leaching of the contaminants. The knowledge of the heavy metal distribution in the soil fractions is essential to the prediction of the geochemical behavior these metals in the environmental and allows also evaluate the efficacy of the remediation procedures and their longevity. Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn are of great interest to the regulamentation by the governmental agencies because if they are found in high concentration in water, soils and air they represent risk to the human health. In this context, this work evaluated the potential of the immobilization for triple superphosphate, red mud and zeolites in a contaminated soil with industrial residues rich in Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn, by using vase soil incubation experiment. Later, it was evaluated the capacity to promote the vegetal growth in each treatment through corn (Zea mays) experiment in vases and also by Neubauer method in Petri plates, using rice (Oryza sativa). The behavior and distribution of heavy metals were evaluated by the sequential extraction of Tessier. In general, all remediates reduced the available concentration of the heavy metals in the soil, varying with doses and the elements. The triple superphosphate reduced mainly the availability of Pb, Cu and Zn. Zeolites and red mud presented higher reduction in the available concentration of Cd and Ni. The triple superphosphate promoted pH reduction and in an opposite way the red mud increased the soil pH. The sequential data extraction showed the heavy metals moving to the iron and manganese oxi-hydroxide fractions after the treatments. The triple superphosphate was the treatment that has promoted higher vegetal growth.

Devido à persistência de metais pesados em solos, a contaminação por estes elementos é considerada permanente resultando no impacto agravante da degradação das propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo. As técnicas de estabilização para remediação de solos contaminados com metais pesados têm se destacado como uma opção eficaz, além de resultar num custo/benefício mais acessível quando comparado aos métodos de descontaminação tradicionais. Quando associada à fitoestabilização, constitui uma das técnicas mais promissoras, pois além de promover a reabilitação da área impactada, diminui os riscos ambientais, na medida em que protege o solo da erosão hídrica e reduz a lixiviação dos contaminantes. O conhecimento da distribuição dos metais nas frações do solo é essencial à predição do comportamento geoquímico destes no ambiente e, permite ainda avaliar a eficiência dos procedimentos remediadores e sua longevidade. Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni e Zn são de grande interesse na regulamentação por agências governamentais, visto que em concentrações elevadas em águas, solos e ar representam riscos à saúde humana. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou o potencial de imobilização de superfosfato triplo, lama vermelha e zeólitas para um solo contaminado com resíduo industrial rico em Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni e Zn, por meio de ensaio de incubação em vasos. Posteriormente, a capacidade de promover o crescimento vegetal em cada tratamento foi avaliada através de ensaios com milho (Zea mays), em vasos, e pelo método de Neubauer, em placas de Petri, utilizando o arroz (Oryza sativa). O comportamento e distribuição dos metais foram avaliados pelo método de extração seqüencial de Tessier. De maneira geral, todos os remediadores reduziram os teores disponíveis dos metais no solo, com variações sobre as doses e os elementos. O superfosfato triplo reduziu, principalmente, a disponibilidade de Pb, Cu e Zn. Zeólitas e lama vermelha apresentaram maior redução sobre os teores disponíveis de Cd e Ni. O superfosfato triplo promoveu redução de pH e, no sentido oposto, a lama vermelha elevou o pH do solo. Os dados de extração seqüencial apontaram o deslocamento dos metais para a fração oxi-hidróxidos de ferro e manganês, após os tratamentos. O superfosfato triplo foi o tratamento que mais promoveu o crescimento vegetal e produção de matéria seca. / Due to the heavy metal persistence in soils, the contamination by these elements is considered permanent and might result in great impact causing a degradation of the chemical and biological properties of the soil. Stabilization techniques have been used as an efficient tool for the remediation of soils that are contaminated by heavy metals, and they show also a cost/benefice relationship more accessible when compared with the traditional methods of decontamination. The association of stabilization and phytostabilization constitute a prominent technique because decrease the environmental risk besides recovering and rehabilitating the impacted area, protecting the soil from water erosion and leaching of the contaminants. The knowledge of the heavy metal distribution in the soil fractions is essential to the prediction of the geochemical behavior these metals in the environmental and allows also evaluate the efficacy of the remediation procedures and their longevity. Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn are of great interest to the regulamentation by the governmental agencies because if they are found in high concentration in water, soils and air they represent risk to the human health. In this context, this work evaluated the potential of the immobilization for triple superphosphate, red mud and zeolites in a contaminated soil with industrial residues rich in Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn, by using vase soil incubation experiment. Later, it was evaluated the capacity to promote the vegetal growth in each treatment through corn (Zea mays) experiment in vases and also by Neubauer method in Petri plates, using rice (Oryza sativa). The behavior and distribution of heavy metals were evaluated by the sequential extraction of Tessier. In general, all remediates reduced the available concentration of the heavy metals in the soil, varying with doses and the elements. The triple superphosphate reduced mainly the availability of Pb, Cu and Zn. Zeolites and red mud presented higher reduction in the available concentration of Cd and Ni. The triple superphosphate promoted pH reduction and in an opposite way the red mud increased the soil pH. The sequential data extraction showed the heavy metals moving to the iron and manganese oxi-hydroxide fractions after the treatments. The triple superphosphate was the treatment that has promoted higher vegetal growth.

Liquefiable soils are common at ports due to the use of hydraulic fills for construction of waterfront facilities. Liquefaction-induced ground failure can result in permanent ground deformations that can cause loss of foundation support and structural damage. This can lead to substantial repair and/or replacement costs and business interruption losses that can have an adverse effect on the port and the surrounding community. Although numerous soil improvement methods exist for remediating a liquefaction-prone site, many of these methods are poorly suited for developed sites because they could damage existing infrastructure and disrupt port operations. An alternative is to use a passive remediation technique. Treating liquefiable soils with colloidal silica gel via permeation grouting has been shown to resist cyclic deformations and is a candidate to be used as a soil stabilizer in passive mitigation. The small-strain dynamic properties are essential to determine the response to seismic loading. The small-to-intermediate strain shear modulus and damping ratio of loose sand treated with colloidal silica gel was investigated and the influence of colloidal silica concentration was determined. The effect of introducing colloidal silica gel into the pore space in the initial phase of treatment results in a 10% to 12% increase in the small-strain shear modulus, depending on colloidal silica concentration. The modulus reduction curve indicates that treatment does not affect the linear threshold shear strain, however the treated samples reduce at a greater rate than the untreated samples in the intermediate-strain range above 0.01% cyclic shear strain. It was observed that the treated sand has slightly higher damping ratio in the small-strain range; however, at cyclic shear strains around 0.003% the trend reverses and the untreated sand begins to have higher damping ratio. Due to the nature of the colloidal silica gelation process, chemical bonds continue to form with time, thus the effect of aging on the dynamic properties is important. A parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of gel time on the increase in small-strain shear modulus. The effect of aging increases the small-strain shear modulus after gelling by 200 to 300% for the 40-minute-gel time samples with a distance from gelation (time after gelation normalized by gel time) of 1000 to 2000; 700% for the 2-hour-gel time sample with a distance from gelation of 1000; and 200 to 400% for the 20-hour-gel time samples with a distance from gelation of 40 to 100. The treatment of all potentially liquefiable soil at port facilities with colloidal silica would be cost prohibitive. Identifying treatment zones that would reduce the lateral pressure and resulting pile bending moments and displacements caused by liquefaction-induced lateral spreading to prevent foundation damage is an economic alternative. Colloidal silica gel treatment zones of varying size and location were evaluated by subjecting a 3-by-3 pile group in gently sloping liquefiable ground to 1-g shaking table tests. The results are compared to an untreated sample. The use of a colloidal silica treatment zone upslope of the pile group results in reduced maximum bending moments and pile displacements in the downslope row of piles when compared to an untreated sample; the presence of the treatment zone had minimal effect on the other rows of piles within the group.

The fact that when lime is added to clayey soils same very beneficial results are produced dates back into the remote past. It is not a new development, In the United States lime has been in use since l923. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing soaking time of soil-lime mixtures on the strength, swell potential, and degree of saturation. In order to ascertain the exact composition of clay minerals, X-ray diffraction analysis was run on the soil sample. The analysis showed that the clayey soil contained a large amount of water with a greater percentage of halloysite minerals. The soil, it was concluded, was poorly crystalline and was found to be midway between montmorillonite and kaolinite group. / Master of Science