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O cultivo de cana-de-açúcar possui grande importância econômica, e está se expandindo principalmente para a região de Cerrado no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Com o objetivo de entender a influência do cultivo e manejo da cana-de-açúcar nos atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo de Cerrado, foram estudadas uma área com cana sem queima, uma área de cana com queima e um fragmento de vegetação nativa, no município de Porteirão, GO (17° 55\' 35\" S 50° 08\' 36\" O). A estrutura da comunidade bacteriana total (rDNA 16s) e funcional (microrganismos nitrificantes e desnitrificantes) do solo, assim como os diversos fatores físico-químicos foram analisados. Ocorreram alterações significativas em diversos atributos. Os manejos com queima e sem queima sofreram modificações distintas, resultando em áreas com características bem diferentes entre si. As principais alterações observadas, em pelo menos um dos tratamentos, foram relacionadas com os seguintes atributos do solo: aumento de densidade e temperatura, redução da agregação, teores e estoques de C e N, enriquecimento dos valores de 13C e 15N, redução do potencial de desnitrificação, mudanças qualitativas e quantitativas no teor de N mineral e nas taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação do N. Os fluxos de gases sofreram poucas modificações em nível de tratamento, sendo os fluxos de CH4 e N2O muito baixos nas áreas estudadas. Ocorreram significativas mudanças na estrutura das comunidades de bactérias totais, nitrificantes e desnitrificantes, mas os grupos responderam de formas diferentes às mudanças ocorridas no solo. Os fatores físico-químicos em conjunto, especialmente aqueles relacionados à agregação do solo, mineralogia, fertilidade e temperatura, direcionaram as mudanças na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana total do solo. Porém as mudanças na estrutura dos grupos funcionais, não se explicaram somente por esse padrão, e mostraram a importância da interação biológica na estruturação das comunidades. Os fluxos dos gases provenientes do solo, o potencial de desnitrificação e a ciclagem de C e N de uma forma geral, correlacionaram com as mudanças nas comunidades de bactérias totais e/ou funcionais, mostrando influência da microbiota nesses fatores. Já as taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação do N do solo não correlacionaram, sugerindo uma maior influência de outros fatores. / The sugarcane crop plays an important role on Brazilian economy, and is passing through an expansion process concentrated mainly on the Cerrado (savannah) biome (Middle West region of Brazil). In order to understand the influence of sugarcane cultivation and management on soil chemical, physical and biological properties, we studied two sugarcane areas, with (burnt cane) and without burning before harvest (green cane), and a fragment with native vegetation located at the municipality of Porteirão (Goias state, Brazil) (17 ° 55 \'35 S \"N 50 ° 08\' 36\" W). We analyzed the structure of total (16S rDNA) and functional (nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms) soil bacterial community, as well as some physical and chemical factors. Significant changes were observed in several attributes. The management with and without burning responded differently to soil changes, resulting on areas with distinct properties. The changes observed in at least one of the treatments were mainly related to the following soil properties: density and temperature increase, reduction of aggregation, C and N levels, enrichment of 13C and 15N values, denitrification potential reduction, qualitative and quantitative changes in mineral N content and on net mineralization and net nitrification of N. Soil greenhouse gases flows have undergone little change in level of treatment, and the flow of CH4 and N2O where very low in studied areas. There were significant changes on structure of total, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria community, but the groups responded differently to soil changes. The direction of changes in total soil bacterial community structure where given by the interaction of physical-chemical factors together, especially those related to soil aggregation, mineralogy, fertility and temperature. But changes in the structure of functional groups, were not explained only by that standard, and showed great importance of biological interactions on community structure. The flow of greenhouse gases from the soil, the denitrification potential and cycling of C and N in general, correlated with changes in total and/or functional bacterial communities, showing the influence of the microorganisms in these factors. However, the net rates of mineralization and nitrification of soil N did not correlate, suggesting that others factors were involved.

O cultivo de cana-de-açúcar possui grande importância econômica, e está se expandindo principalmente para a região de Cerrado no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Com o objetivo de entender a influência do cultivo e manejo da cana-de-açúcar nos atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo de Cerrado, foram estudadas uma área com cana sem queima, uma área de cana com queima e um fragmento de vegetação nativa, no município de Porteirão, GO (17° 55\' 35\" S 50° 08\' 36\" O). A estrutura da comunidade bacteriana total (rDNA 16s) e funcional (microrganismos nitrificantes e desnitrificantes) do solo, assim como os diversos fatores físico-químicos foram analisados. Ocorreram alterações significativas em diversos atributos. Os manejos com queima e sem queima sofreram modificações distintas, resultando em áreas com características bem diferentes entre si. As principais alterações observadas, em pelo menos um dos tratamentos, foram relacionadas com os seguintes atributos do solo: aumento de densidade e temperatura, redução da agregação, teores e estoques de C e N, enriquecimento dos valores de 13C e 15N, redução do potencial de desnitrificação, mudanças qualitativas e quantitativas no teor de N mineral e nas taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação do N. Os fluxos de gases sofreram poucas modificações em nível de tratamento, sendo os fluxos de CH4 e N2O muito baixos nas áreas estudadas. Ocorreram significativas mudanças na estrutura das comunidades de bactérias totais, nitrificantes e desnitrificantes, mas os grupos responderam de formas diferentes às mudanças ocorridas no solo. Os fatores físico-químicos em conjunto, especialmente aqueles relacionados à agregação do solo, mineralogia, fertilidade e temperatura, direcionaram as mudanças na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana total do solo. Porém as mudanças na estrutura dos grupos funcionais, não se explicaram somente por esse padrão, e mostraram a importância da interação biológica na estruturação das comunidades. Os fluxos dos gases provenientes do solo, o potencial de desnitrificação e a ciclagem de C e N de uma forma geral, correlacionaram com as mudanças nas comunidades de bactérias totais e/ou funcionais, mostrando influência da microbiota nesses fatores. Já as taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação do N do solo não correlacionaram, sugerindo uma maior influência de outros fatores. / The sugarcane crop plays an important role on Brazilian economy, and is passing through an expansion process concentrated mainly on the Cerrado (savannah) biome (Middle West region of Brazil). In order to understand the influence of sugarcane cultivation and management on soil chemical, physical and biological properties, we studied two sugarcane areas, with (burnt cane) and without burning before harvest (green cane), and a fragment with native vegetation located at the municipality of Porteirão (Goias state, Brazil) (17 ° 55 \'35 S \"N 50 ° 08\' 36\" W). We analyzed the structure of total (16S rDNA) and functional (nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms) soil bacterial community, as well as some physical and chemical factors. Significant changes were observed in several attributes. The management with and without burning responded differently to soil changes, resulting on areas with distinct properties. The changes observed in at least one of the treatments were mainly related to the following soil properties: density and temperature increase, reduction of aggregation, C and N levels, enrichment of 13C and 15N values, denitrification potential reduction, qualitative and quantitative changes in mineral N content and on net mineralization and net nitrification of N. Soil greenhouse gases flows have undergone little change in level of treatment, and the flow of CH4 and N2O where very low in studied areas. There were significant changes on structure of total, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria community, but the groups responded differently to soil changes. The direction of changes in total soil bacterial community structure where given by the interaction of physical-chemical factors together, especially those related to soil aggregation, mineralogy, fertility and temperature. But changes in the structure of functional groups, were not explained only by that standard, and showed great importance of biological interactions on community structure. The flow of greenhouse gases from the soil, the denitrification potential and cycling of C and N in general, correlated with changes in total and/or functional bacterial communities, showing the influence of the microorganisms in these factors. However, the net rates of mineralization and nitrification of soil N did not correlate, suggesting that others factors were involved.

Soil microbial communities mediate important ecological processes and play essential roles in biogeochemical cycling. Ecosystem disturbances such as surface mining significantly alter soil microbial communities, which could lead to changes or impairment of ecosystem functions. Reforestation procedures were designed to accelerate the reestablishment of plant community and the recovery of the forest ecosystem after reclamation. However, the microbial recovery during reforestation has not been well studied even though this information is essential for evaluating ecosystem restoration success. In addition, the similar starting conditions of mining sites of different ages facilitate a chronosequence approach for studying decades-long microbial community change, which could help generalize theories about ecosystem succession. In this study, the recovery of microbial communities in a chronosequence of reclaimed mine sites spanning 30 years post reforestation along with unmined reference sites was analyzed using next-generation sequencing to characterize soil-microbial abundance, richness, taxonomic composition, interaction patterns and functional genes. Generally, microbial succession followed a trajectory along the chronosequence age, with communities becoming more similar to reference sites with increasing age. However, two major branches of soil microbiota, bacteria and fungi, showed some contrasting dynamics during ecosystem recovery, which are likely related to the difference in their growth rates, tolerance to environmental change and relationships with plants. For example, bacterial communities displayed more intra-annual variability and more complex co-occurrence networks than did fungi. A transition from copiotrophs to oligotrophs during succession, suggested by taxonomic composition shifts, indicated that the nutrient availability is one important factor driving microbial succession. This theory was also supported by metagenomic analysis of the functional genes. For example, the increased abundance of genes involved in virulence, defense and stress response along ages indicated increased competition between microorganisms, which is likely related to a decrease of available nutrients. Metagenomic analysis also revealed that lower relative abundances of methanotrophs and methane monooxygenase at previously-mined sites compared with unmined sites, which supports previous observations that ecological function of methane sink provided by many forest soils has not recovered after 30 years. Because of the difficulty identifying in situ functional mechanisms that link soil microorganisms with environmental change, modeling can be a valuable tool to infer those relationships of microbial communities. However, the extremely high richness of soil microbial communities can result in extremely complicated models that are difficult to interpret. Furthermore, uncertainty about the coherence of ecological function at high microbial taxonomic levels, grouping operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on phylogenetic linkages can mask trends and relationships of some important OTUs. To investigate other ways to simplify soil microbiome data for modeling, I used co-occurrence patterns of bacterial OTUs to construct functional groups. The resulting groups performed better at characterizing age-related microbial community dynamics and predicted community structures and environmental factors with lower error. / PHD

Šiame moksliniame darbe nagrinėjama paprastojo (Quercus robur L.) ir bekočio (Q. petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) ąžuolų hibridizacija Trako miške (Alytaus raj.), bei su ja susiję ąžuolų pomiškio plitimo, lapijos nuokritų biocheminės sudėties bei įtakos dirvožemio mikrobiotai procesai. Šis darbas nuo kitų Europoje atliktų tyrimų išsiskiria savo specifika, kadangi tyrimų objektas apima bekočio ąžuolo arealo pakraštį. Nustatyta, kad tarprūšiniai hibridai Trako miške plito greičiau nei bekočiai. Trako miško motinmedžių ir jų palikuonių palyginamoji taksonominė analizė parodė, kad tarprūšinių paprastojo ir bekočio ąžuolų hibridų morfologinių lapų požymių variacija juvenaliniame amžiuje buvo didesnė nei vienos kurios tėvinių rūšių. Molekulinė-genetinė analizė patvirtino rūšinės priklausomybės nustatymo pagal morfologinius lapų požymius tinkamumą ir efektyvumą. Įrodyta, kad hibridizacijos procesams būdingas asimetrinio kryžminimosi pobūdis ir introgresijos procese dalyvauja ribotas individų skaičius. Vyrauja grįžtamasis kryžminimasis su viena iš tėvinių rūšių, šiuo atveju su bekočiu ąžuolu. Didesnė lignino koncentracija paprastojo ąžuolo lapuose sąlygojo mažesnį bakterijų ir mikroorganizmų, ypač mikromicetų, aktyvumą šio ąžuolo rizosferoje. Palyginus su paprastuoju ąžuolu, bekočio ir hibridinių ąžuolų lapų nuokritos ir rizosferos organinės medžiagos buvo intensyviau skaidomos. Todėl šių ąžuolų aplinkoje sąlygos plisti pomiškiui yra palankesnės negu po paprastaisiais ąžuolais. / This study analyzes hybridization of pedunculate (Quercus robur L.) and sessile (Q. petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) oak in forest Trakas (Alytus district), including the following processes related to hybridization: the prevalence of oak undergrowth, leaf litter fall and its biochemical composition, impact on soil microbiota. This study differs from other studies carried out in Europe by its specifics, since the research object is situated at the edge of the natural distribution of sessile oak. It was found the increase of the number of hybrid oaks in the undergrowth. A comparative taxonomic analysis of the parental trees of the Trakas forest showed that the variation of morphological traits of leaves of interspecific hybrids of pedunculate and sessile oaks was higher at juvenile age if compared with any paternal species. Molecular-genetic analysis confirmed suitability and effectiveness of the use of leaf morphological traits for species discrimination. Studies confirmed that hybridization process had a character of asymmetric crossings, a limited number of individuals participate in the introgression process. Backcross with one of the parental species – sessile oak prevails. The leaves litter fall of pedunculate oak was distinguished for a higher content of lignin, which determines decreased activeness of bacteria and, especially, micromicetes in the rhizosphere. The decomposition rate of leaves litter fall and organic compounds in rhizosphere under sessile and hybrid oaks were... [to full text]

La fusariose des épis est une maladie affectant les grains de céréales, et particulièrement le blé. Elle est provoquée par des champignons du genre Fusarium spp. Les conséquences sur les cultures menacent directement les rendements et la qualité sanitaire des récoltes compte tenu de la capacité de ces champignons à produire des mycotoxines. Parmi les membres du complexe fusarien, Fusarium graminearum est l’espèce la plus fréquemment incriminée. En Bretagne, les exploitations agricoles sont particulièrement menacées par cette maladie. En effet, le climat de la région est favorable à son développement et les exploitants produisant tout ou partie de leurs aliments à la ferme privilégient des rotations céréalières avec un retour fréquent de maïs et de blé, ce qui accroît les risques. À ce jour, la lutte contre la fusariose des épis repose sur une gestion des résidus des récoltes, principale source d’inoculum primaire de F. graminearum, ainsi que sur des traitements fongicides au moment de la floraison. Le contexte socio-économique et le manque d’efficacité de ces méthodes nécessitent de trouver de nouvelles alternatives s’inscrivant dans la durabilité. Le premier objectif de ce travail était donc de mettre en place, d’évaluer et d’optimiser une stratégie de biocontrôle visant à réduire l’inoculum primaire de F.graminearum afin de diminuer la pression de la maladie au champ et ses conséquences sur les cultures. Des essais en microcosmes et au champ ont été mis en place dans ce but. Bien que l’agent de biocontrôle permettait de limiter le développement de F. graminearum dans des sols autoclavés, son efficacité était amoindrie dans des sols non-autoclavés, du fait des interactions avec le microbiote de ces sols. Dans un second temps, la diversité et la structure des communautés microbiennes telluriques de parcelles agricoles bretonnes ont été étudiées via une approche de metabarcoding. Nous avons mis en évidence que la diversité et l’abondance des communautés microbiennes d’un sol contribuent largement à diminuer l’inoculum primaire de F. graminearum et que ce microbiote est influencé par les pratiques agronomiques, climatiques et physico-chimiques. Enfin, l’étude a révélé une relation possible entre l’abondance de certains genres bactériens et la diminution de l’inoculum primaire de F. graminearum. Ce travail conduit à envisager les micro-organismes telluriques comme un levier agronomique permettant de réduire l’incidence de F. graminearum dans les cultures céréalières. / Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a devastating disease for cereals, and for wheat in particular, threatening both crop yields and quality, given the ability of Fusarium spp. to produce mycotoxins. Among the Fusarium species complex, Fusarium graminearum is the most common causal agent of the disease. The incidence of FHB in Brittany (France) can be particularly high. Indeed, the agronomic practices include cereal rotations with frequent wheat and maize crops which increase the risk of FHB. Moreover, the climate favors the pathogen development.Currently, appropriate management of the residues, on which F. graminearum grows saprophytically, and the use of fungicide treatments at flowering constitute the two main ways to manage FHB. However, these strategies do not always guaranty an appropriate crop protection. The low and variable efficacy of these methods, combined to the socio-economic pressures, urge to find effective and sustainable alternatives. In this context, the first objective of this work was to develop, evaluate and optimize a biocontrol strategy aiming to reduce F. graminearum primary inoculum in soils, and thus reduce FHB risk for the crops, using both laboratory and field experiments. Although the biocontrol product was able to limit the pathogen growth in autcolaved soils, its efficacy was reduced when taking the interactions with the soil microbiota into account. The diversity and the structure of soil microbial communities were then studied for 31 agricultural fields using a metabarcoding approach in order to highlight the influence of climatic conditions, agronomic practices and soil physicochemical factors. Metabarcoding analysis revealed the importance of diversity and abundance of the soil microbial communities to reduce F. graminearum primary inoculum. This microbiota was also found to be influenced by agronomic practices and physico-chemical factors. Finally, the abundance of specific bacterial genera was related to the reduction of F. graminearum primary inoculum. Outcomes of this work highlight the importance of the soil biological activity and suggest that a manipulation of the soil microbial communities might lead to a better FHB management.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_julia_rodegheiro_de_moraes.pdf: 5811350 bytes, checksum: 86272882a7e28229642085efacf1de0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / In southerm Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, cultivation of eucalyptus forests have been growed in the last few years, raising questions about possible impacts on local biome, characterized by herbaceous and shrub vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate soil microbial and carbon stocks changes due to eucalyptus cultivation in Pampa Biome. The evaluated soils were: Udalfs and Typic Udorthents derived from igneous plutonic rocks (granites), Lithic Udorthents derived from metamorphic rocks (schists and quartzites), and Udolls/Uderts derived from sedimentary rocks (shales and siltstones). Vegetation covers were homogeneous Eucaliptus saligna (7 years old) and native grassland. In each area three soil pits were opened with no less than 50cm deep. Pedogenetic horizons were identified and soil morphology was described. Disturbed and non disturbed soil samples were collected, the A horizon in 5cm intervals. Chemical attributes (exchangeable cations, potential acidity, water and SMP pH, total organic carbon and nitrogen) and physical attributes (particle size and coarse fractions) were determined for classification purposes. Soil bulk density was determined for soil profile carbon stocks calculation. In the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15cm A horizon layers, the organic matter granulometric fractionation was performed for quantification of carbon and nitrogen in labile (POC and PN) and mineral associated (MOC and MN) fractions, as well as carbon management index (CMI). In the 0-5 and 5-10cm layers soil microbial biomass, microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic), soil basal respiration, metabolic coefficient, and Cmic/TOC, Nmic/TN, Cmic/Nmic rates were determined. Compared to the native grassland, the seven years cultivation of eucalyptus did not modify soil carbon stocks of the profiles. Carbon stocks decrease in order Udolls/Uderts > Lithic Udorthents > Udalfs = Typic Udorthents. Labile fraction stocks (POC and PN) of the Udolls/Uderts were increased in the 0-5 and 5-10cm layers. Mineral associated fractions (MOC and MN) remained unaltered in all soils. TOC and TN distribution in the labile (POC/TOC and PN/TN) and stable (MON/TOC and MN/TN) fractions were modified only in the 5-10cm layer of the Udolls/Uderts. Carbon management indexes, except in Lithic Udorthents, indicate that eucalyptus cultivation did not decrease the organic matter quality and stocks in the soils. Soil microbial activity and biomass were not altered in comparison to the native grassland, with the exception of microbial carbon in the 5-10cm layer of the Typic Udorthents. / Na região sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul o plantio de eucalipto tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, levantando questões sobre os possíveis impactos que essa atividade possa causar sobre o bioma local, caracterizado por predomínio de vegetação herbácea e arbustiva. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações nos atributos microbiológicos e nos estoques de carbono do solo pela introdução do cultivo de eucalipto no Bioma Pampa. Os solos avaliados foram: Argissolo Amarelo e Neossolo Regolítico, desenvolvidos de rochas ígneas plutônicas (granitos), Neossolo Litólico, desenvolvido de rochas metamórficas (xistos e quartzitos), e Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico, desenvolvido de rochas sedimentares (siltitos). As coberturas vegetais selecionadas foram: área de cultivo homogêneo de Eucaliptus saligna (7 anos) e área de campo nativo. Em cada solo e tipo de cobertura foram abertas três trincheiras até a profundidade mínima de 50 cm. Os horizontes pedogenéticos foram identificados e descritos morfologicamente, coletando-se amostras deformadas e indeformadas, sendo o horizonte A estratificado de 5 em 5 cm. Em todos os horizontes e camadas avaliaram-se os atributos químicos (cátions trocáveis, acidez potencial, P disponível, pH em água e em SMP, C orgânico e N total) e físicos (granulometria e frações da amostra total) para fins de classificação e a densidade do solo para o cálculo dos estoques de carbono no perfil. Nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-15 cm do horizonte A realizou-se o fracionamento físico granulométrico da matéria orgânica, quantificando-se teores, estoques e distribuição de carbono e nitrogênio total nas frações lábil (COP e NP) e associada aos minerais (CAM e NAM) e o índice de manejo de carbono (IMC). Nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10cm, avaliou-se biomassa microbiana do solo, C microbiano (Cmic) e N microbiano (Nmic), respiração basal do solo, coeficiente metabólico, relações Cmic/COT, Nmic/NT, Cmic/Nmic. Em comparação ao campo nativo, o cultivo do eucalipto no bioma Pampa, após sete anos, não alterou os estoques totais de carbono (COT) no perfil dos solos avaliados. O COT na camada de 0-50cm decresceu na seqüência Chernossolo/Vertissolo > Neossolo Litólico > Argissolo Amarelo = Neossolo Regolítico. O estoque da fração lábil (COP e NP) do Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico foi aumentado nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10cm. A fração associada aos minerais (CAM e NAM) manteve-se inalterada em todos os solos. A distribuição do COT e NT nas frações lábil (COP/COT e NP/NT) e na fração estável (CAM/COT e NAM/NT) somente foi modificada na camada 5-10 cm do Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico. Os índices de manejo de carbono, à exceção do Neossolo Regolítico, indicam que o sistema do cultivo de eucalipto não reduziu os estoques de matéria orgânica e a qualidade desses solos. A atividade e a biomassa microbiana do solo não se mostraram alterada em comparação ao campo nativo, com exceção do carbono microbiano na camada de 5-10 cm do Neossolo Regolítico.