Poucos trabalhos avaliam fontes orgânicas, pós de rochas e plantas de cobertura como fornecedoras de nutrientes para as plantas cultivadas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar doses da matriz fertilizante MBR no cultivo de ameixeira, cultivar Irati. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Pato Branco, no período de novembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2011. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e três plantas úteis por parcela. Os tratamentos foram compostos de: testemunha absoluta (sem adubação), testemunha padrão (adubação integral 3/3), 2/3 da adubação integral associada a 0 kg ha-1 de MBR, 2/3 da adubação integral associada a 500 kg ha-1 de MBR, 2/3 da adubação integral associada a 1000 kg ha-1 de MBR e 2/3 da adubação integral associada a 2000 kg ha-1 de MBR. Foram avaliados, teores de nutrientes do solo, atividade microbiana, teor de nutrientes nas folhas e frutos, análise de frutos na colheita e pós-colheita e análise da produção e desenvolvimento das plantas. Os resultados obtidos através da análise química de solo mostraram que: a) os teores de potássio não se alteraram significativamente evidenciando um efeito positivo do fertilizante, provavelmente devido à menor lixiviação; e b) os teores de fósforo não sofreram alterações, no entanto foi possível observar um efeito positivo e este efeito pode estar associado à capacidade do silício competir com o fósforo pelos mesmos sítios de ligação e consequentemente reduzir a adsorção do fósforo. A atividade microbiana não foi influenciada positivamente ou negativamente pela utilização da matriz de fertilizantes. Os teores de nutrientes nas folhas e frutos também não sofreram alterações significativas. Com relação às análises de colheita e pós-colheita não foram observadas alterações significativas e os mesmos resultados foram obtidos para as análises de produção e desenvolvimento das plantas. Em geral, os resultados obtidos até agora não indicam potencial de utilização da matriz de fertilizante MBR na redução de 1/3 da adubação fosfatada e potássica na cultura da amexeira, cultivar Irati. / Few studies have evaluated organic sources, rock pownders and plants used to cover soil as resources that can provide nutrients to plants. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate some doses of matrix MBR fertilizer in the plum culture, cultivar Irati. The work was carried out in the experimental field of Federal Technological University of Paraná – Câmpus Pato Branco from November 2009 to December 2011. The experimental used design was made by chance in blocks with four repetitions and three useful plants by part. Treatments were composed by: one absolute untreated plant (without fertilization), pattern treated plant (complete fertilization 3/3), 2/3 of complete fertilizer associated to 0 kg ha-1 of MBR, 2/3 from complete fertilization associated to 500 kg ha-1 of MBR, 2/3 from complete fertilization associated to 1000 kg ha-1 of MBR and 2/3 from complete fertilization associated to 2000 kg ha-1 of MBR. Quantities of soil nutrients, microbial activity and quantities of nutrients in the leaf plant were analyzed and evaluated. The obtained results from the chemistry soil analysis have shown that: a) quantities of potassium did not change meaningfully which puts in evidence the fertilizer positive effect, probably due to lower leaching process; and b) quantities of phosphorus did not suffer changes, meanwhile it was possible to observe a positive effect and this effect can be associated to the silicon capacity to compete with phosphorus by the same linking sites and consequently to reduce phosphorous adsorption. Microbial activity was not positively or negatively influenced by the use of the matrix fertilizers. Quantities of nutrients in the leaves also did not suffer meaningful changes, with emphasis to quantities of potassium which maintained their own level. In relation to the harvest and post-harvest analyses, it was not noted meaningful changes and the same results were obtained to the production and development analyses of the plants. In general, the updating results indicate a no potential use of fertilizer matrix MBR in the reduction of 1/3 of phosphorous fertilization in the plum culture Irati.

Fundação Araucária / O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito de datas de coletas e doses de boro nas produções de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes de alfafa, e os teores de boro e nitrogênio nas plantas e em um Latossolo no Sudoeste do Paraná. O experimento foi conduzido no IAPAR de Pato Branco, PR no ano agrícola de 2011. O delineamento experimental para produção de matéria seca de plantas de alfafa foi de blocos ao acaso com parcelas sub-divididas, com datas de coletas e doses de boro. Para avaliação da matéria seca de raiz (MSR) o delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos cinco doses de boro. Para o solo o delineamento foi de blocos aos acaso com parcelas sub-subdivididas com quatro repetições. Onde as parcelas principais se constituíram de coletas, nas subparcelas, cinco doses de boro (0; 0,5; 1; 2; 4 kg ha-1) e nas sub-subparcelas as profundidades (0-5; 5-10 e 10-20cm). A maior produção de matéria seca avaliada por coletas foi encontrada no mês de outubro de 2011, com uma produção de 3.676,6 kg ha-1 e 131,31 kg ha-1 dia-1, respectivamente para matéria seca e taxa de acúmulo. Com relação as concentrações de nutrientes nas plantas as maiores médias foram encontradas nos meses de janeiro, com 81,37 mg kg-1 para boro e em outubro para o nitrogênio com 44,39 mg kg-1. A produção de matéria seca de raízes não foi influenciada pelas doses de boro. A maior concentração, em média, de boro no solo foi de 0,17 mg kg-1. Para o amônio obteve-se os maiores valores de 51,13 mg de NH4 kg-1, em média, no solo na terceira coleta. A máxima eficiência técnica para o nitrato foi com a dose de 2,14 kg de B ha-1, alcançando 52,33 mg kg-1. Além de ter sofrido efeito da interação entre datas de coletas e profundidade variando de 39 a 54 mg kg-1. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rates of boron on dry matter production of Alfalfa plants and their roots, and boron and nitrogen concentration in plants in an Oxisol in Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was conducted at Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR) in Pato Branco town, Paraná, Brazil, in the 2011 agricultural year. The experimental design to the Alfalfa dry matter production was randomized blocks, in subdivided plots, with collection dates and boron doses. To the analysis of root dry matter (RDM) the design a randomized block design was used with four replicates, and treatments of five doses of boron. For the soil the design was randomized block with the sub-divided plots with four replications. In which the main plots consisted of collections, five doses of B (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kg ha-1) in the subplots and in the sub-subplots at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depths. The largest dry matter production evaluated by sampling occurred in October 2011, with a production of 3.676,6 kg ha-1 and 131,31 kg ha-1 day-1, for dry matter and accumulation rate, respectively. In relation to the nutrients concentration in plants the highest average was found in January, with 81,37 mg kg-1 of boron concentration, and 44,39 mg kg- 1 of nitrogen, in October. The dry matter production of roots was not affected by boron levels. The highest average boron concentration at the soil was 0,17 mg kg-1. The highest average ammonia levels was 51.13 mg kg-1 of NH4 at the soil in the third collect. The most efficient technique for the nitrate was a dose of 2,14 kg of B ha-1, reaching 52,33 mg kg-1. Besides, an interaction between date and depth was observed from 39 to 54 mg kg-1.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The main sources of nutrients used in agriculture come from the exploitation of mineral reserves of nutrients or fossil fuels, both non-renewable and finite resources. Higher effectiveness in nutrient cycling increases the efficiency of nutrients use, decreasing the dependence on external inputs and increasing the sustainability of the farm system. The objective of present study was to quantify nutrient fluxes in farm systems, enabling the establishment of management strategies to allow P and K cycling in agricultural production systems. The study was conducted at municipality of RedenÃÃo, Cearà State, Brazil, through interviews with selected farmers, according to the local predominance. The farm was considered as a system composed by processes of human consumption, plant and animal production. Farm systems were classified into typology A and B based on the degree of diversity and interaction between processes. Evaluated material flows were mainly composed by animal food and agricultural inputs and goods and waste outputs in each process. The flow of nutrients was calculated from the material flows and the mineral content in each material, obtained from literature review. Error propagation and nutrient flows representation were carried out using the software STAN. Soil samples were collected to determine P and K stock in a chronosequence of cashew production processes with 0, 6, 7, 8 and 13 years old, with purpose to associate nutrient flows to the variation in nutrient soil stocks over time. Large amounts of P were added to the systems by use of organic fertilizers, resulting in a low efficiency of using of this nutrient. The production of cassava proved main drain system K, and therefore the survey and analysis of waste produced in the cassava processing may be the next step to identify strategies to enable K cycling. It was not possible to identify any nutrient cycling in the evaluated systems. The different degree of diversity and interactions between activities were restricted to flows from crop to animal production. / As principais fontes de nutrientes utilizadas na agricultura proveem da exploraÃÃo de reservas minerais de nutrientes ou combustÃveis fÃsseis, ambos recursos nÃo renovÃveis e finitos. A maior eficÃcia na ciclagem de nutrientes por ciclos internos e externos Ãs propriedades agrÃcolas aumenta a eficiÃncia de utilizaÃÃo dos nutrientes na propriedade diminuindo a dependÃncia de insumos externos e consequentemente a sustentabilidade da produÃÃo agrÃcola. Objetivou-se pelo presente estudo quantificar fluxos de nutrientes em propriedades rurais, possibilitando o reconhecimento estratÃgias de gestÃo capazes de viabilizar a ciclagem de P e K em sistemas agrÃcolas de produÃÃo. O estudo foi conduzido no municÃpio de RedenÃÃo, atravÃs de entrevistas à produtores rurais selecionados de acordo com a representatividade local e predominÃncia na regiÃo semiÃrida. A propriedade rural foi considerada como um sistema constituÃdo por processos de produÃÃo vegetal, animal e de consumo, classificadas em tipologias, C e D com base no grau de diversidade e interaÃÃo nos processos de produÃÃo animal e vegetal. A determinaÃÃo dos fluxos de materiais foi realizada por levantamento da entrada de alimentos e insumos para a produÃÃo agrÃcola e pecuÃria e saÃda de produtos ou resÃduos em cada processo. O fluxo de nutrientes foi determinado a partir dos fluxos de materiais e o teor de minerais em cada material, obtido a partir de revisÃo bibliogrÃfica. A propagaÃÃo de erros envolvidos e o mapeamento dos fluxos de nutrientes foi realizada atravÃs do programa computacional STAN. Foram coletadas amostras de solo para a determinaÃÃo do estoque de P e K em uma cronossequÃncia de processos de produÃÃo de caju com 0, 6, 7, 8 e 13 anos de idade de produtores pertencentes à tipologia C, com propÃsito de relacionar o os fluxos de nutrientes com a variaÃÃo nos estoques ao longo do tempo. O P vem sendo aplicado em quantidades elevadas por meio de fertilizantes orgÃnicos no sistema, resultando em uma baixa eficiÃncia da utilizaÃÃo do mesmo. A produÃÃo de mandioca revelou-se como principal dreno de K do sistema, sendo, portanto, o levantamento e anÃlise dos resÃduos produzidos no processamento da mesma o prÃximo passo para identificar estratÃgias para possibilitar os ciclos alimentares de K. O mapeamento dos fluxos nÃo identificou nenhuma ciclagem de nutrientes. O diferente grau de diversidade e interaÃÃes entre as atividades restringiram-se a fluxos gerados a partir da produÃÃo vegetal para a produÃÃo animal.

No description available.

The Matsqui area of the Lower Fraser Valley exhibits extreme soil heterogeneity, as the alluvial soils in the area have been deposited by the Fraser River as a series of coarse-textured ridges and finer-textured depressional areas. This variability poses some obvious problems with respect to agricultural management. The main aim of this study was to evaluate soil spatial variability in four fields, and to relate this soil variability to corn production and quality. Site conditions, topography, and soil chemical and physical variables were related to corn biomass and nutrient concentrations using conventional correlation/regression analyses, and more spatially representative techniques such as those provided by remote sensing and geographic information systems. Variations in such biophysical variables as soil moisture, elevation, and bulk density had consistent impacts on corn productivity, although these effects varied from field to field, being influenced by inherent soil properties and individual field management. Good relationships were found between pixel brightness values extracted from digitized colour infra-red photos and corn quality variables. In three out of four fields, near infra-red pixel values gave good estimates of total corn crude protein content. Significant relationships were also found between pixel brightness values and corn phosphorus and calcium contents in certain fields. The spatial variability of corn quality and biomass could be quantified using image analysis classification techniques. The resulting classified images indicate to the farm operator where high vs low quality corn is being produced, and thereby provide a tool for selectively managing and harvesting the fields. The relationships and quantification of corn productivity and quality in the fields can further be improved through incorporation of the image data with the biophysical data base using GIS techniques. A multiple regression equation showing a significant relationship between elevation and pixel brightness values, and total corn phosphorus concentration was incorporated within the GIS to produce a quantitative corn quality map for the field exhibiting this relationship. The GIS overlay capability facilitates the classification of several corn variables, and allows the results to be displayed in a spatial manner. For example, corn biomass and quality maps were overlain using GIS techniques, to produce a combination map which then reflected both the quality and quantity of corn found in the field. Through integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques, soil and crop variability can be displayed in a spatial manner. The output from such procedures can aid farm operators in making selective field management and harvesting decisions. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 caueh_castro_notaro.pdf: 4218932 bytes, checksum: f687d7c17e4269cd487186b960be92fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study of the rheological behavior relating the interaction between the soil particles with the fluid is of great importance for the performance and application engineering works The rheology is most used in Civil Engineering to evaluate the interaction between the solid particles and water paste, mortar and concrete. Clay is a material inconsistency, caused by the incipient weathering of granitic rocks, containing large amounts of small fragments of feldspar and quartz, and other accessory minerals of the rock and is used in mortar. This research aims to characterize and evaluate the rheological behavior of five soils with different consistencies and nine grit of the Metropolitan Region of Recife (RMR) used in mortars, through conventional methods of assessing the consistency of the soil, such as limits on liquidity and plasticity and compare with the behavior obtained in the test with the Squeeze-Flow. The test for the study is the compression rheology of the sample by means of two parallel plates, measuring both the applied load and resultant displacement. We obtained the values of consistency limits of complying with recommendations of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards. The samples were molded in a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 101 mm and height 10 mm, the same water content used to obtain the liquid limit of the apparatus Casagrande and moisture corresponding to the liquid limit and plasticity and subsequently compressed by measures load and displacement. The results show that the more clayey materials present higher liquidity limits and plasticity indexes. The data obtained in tests with the Squeeze Flow show the influence of the amount of water to mix with the ground and the load versus displacement curve which has elastic behavior, plastic and plastic hardness depending on the amount of water, and the consistency of fine material . The interaction between particles and water using the Squeeze-Flow showed that the technique is able to assess and evaluate, with sensitivity to the shape of load versus displacement curve of the studied materials used for the analysis of behavior. / O estudo do comportamento reológico relacionando a interação entre as partículas do solo com o fluido é de grande importância para o desempenho e aplicação em obras de engenharia A reologia é mais utilizada na Engenharia Civil para avaliar a interação entre as partículas sólidas e a água em pasta, argamassa e concreto. Saibro é um material incoerente, originado pelo intemperismo incipiente de rochas graníticas, contendo grande quantidade de fragmentos pequenos de feldspatos e quartzo, além de outros minerais acessórios da rocha e é utilizado em argamassa. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o comportamento reológico de cinco Solos com diferentes consistências e de nove Saibros da Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR) usados em argamassas, através de métodos convencionais de avaliação da consistência dos solos, como limites de liquidez e plasticidade e comparar com o comportamento obtido em ensaio com o Squeeze-Flow. O ensaio para o estudo da reologia consiste na compressão da amostra por meio de duas placas paralelas, medindo-se, simultaneamente, a carga aplicada e o deslocamento resultante. Foram obtidos os valores dos limites de consistências obedecendo às recomendações da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. As amostras foram moldadas, no formato cilíndrico com diâmetro de 101 mm e altura de 10 mm, nas mesmas umidades utilizadas para a obtenção do limite de liquidez no aparelho de Casagrande e nas umidades correspondentes ao limite de liquidez e de plasticidade e posteriormente comprimidas com medidas de deslocamento e carga. Os resultados mostram que os materiais mais argilosos apresentam maiores valores dos limites de liquidez e dos índices de plasticidade. Os dados obtidos nos ensaios com o Squeeze-Flow mostram a influência da quantidade de água na mistura com o solo e a curva carga versus deslocamento que apresenta comportamento elástico, plástico e plástico com endurecimento dependendo da quantidade de água, de finos e da consistência dos materiais. O estudo da interação entre as partículas e a água utilizando o Squeeze-Flow mostrou que a técnica é capaz de aferir e avaliar, com sensibilidade a forma da curva carga versus deslocamento dos materiais estudados para análise do comportamento utilizado.

Little is known about the original properties of soils in the East. Eight virgin soils and associated southern Appalachian hardwood vegetation were studied in western North Carolina. The study sites ranged in elevation from 720 to 1200 m on steep slopes. Overall these soils are quite deep and highly weathered due to high rainfall (>200 cm) and soluble feldspathic parent material. Organic matter contents of the surface·horizons were quite high (4.5 - 16 %), and they contained moderate to strong crumb structure. All but one soil contained cambic subsurface horizons and were either Typic Haplumbrepts or Umbric Dystrochrepts. The majority of soils in the watershed are formed in colluvium, but significant amounts of residual soils occur on sideslopes, and appear to be quite stable. The present day landforms appear to be the result of periglacial activity. North-facing soils were higher in whole soil clay, organic matter, and A horizon exchangeable cations than south-facing soils. Cation exchange capacity in these soils is almost totally dependent on organic matter content, and the mineral fraction is relatively inert. All soils were in the oxidic mineralogy class. Bibbsite was common throughout all soils and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) is the dominant clay-sized phyllosilicate in surface horizons. Kaolinite was low in all soils, but was more abundant on south-facing slopes. The silt fractions and sand fractions contained significant quantities of weathered 2:1-type minerals The vegetation varied from mixed-mesophytic cove hardwoods on north-facing slopes to mixed oak-hickory and oak-pine on south-facing slopes. Many trees in coves exceed 1.3 m in diameter and 50 m in height. Total litter production averaged 3494 kg/ha, and the litter layers were typified by thin leaf (L), and well developed fermentation (F) and humus (H) layers. Cations and P are concentrated in the litter layers and immediate surface soil, while N is mixed deep into the profile. Due to their oxidic mineralogy, low CEC, decreasing clay content with depth, and concentration of cations and P in litter and standing biomass these soils highly resemble tropical Oxisols. / Ph. D.

As testing stiff soils in the laboratory often leads to information which is not consistent with field performance, research was undertaken to determine in situ the soil properties. Among the devices which generated interest is the self-boring pressuremeter (SBPM). In this research, two stiff soils of the Commonwealth of Virginia were tested: A residual soil found in Blacksburg and a very stiff, non-fissured, and sensitive clay, of marine origin, known as the Miocene clay of the downtown Richmond area. Testing the residual soil of Blacksburg with the SBPM led to the following new operational approaches: (1) a systematic use of a steel-sheath known as "Chinese lantern" to protect the membrane of the probe, (2) the development of a loading frame providing adequate reaction when self-boring in stiff soils, (3) the development of a new calibration unit for the SBPM which allows to calibrate the probe under conditions more like those encountered in stiff soils and, (4) the development of a high capacity computerized data acquisition system. Testing the residual soil also allowed to establish a sound database for this soil. In the Miocene clay, the laboratory test results indicate that conventional sampling technique which consists in pushing Shelby tubes disturbs significantly the soil and leads to scattered test results. In contrast, tests performed on samples taken from high-quality block samples indicate consistent behavior patterns. SBPM test results in the Miocene clay indicate that the clay exhibits high lateral stresses. They also indicate the existence of an anisotropic state of lateral stress which can be explained from the regional topography. The soil parameters interpreted from the SBPM test results in the Miocene clay compare well with the soil parameters determined in the laboratory on the block samples. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 1992. / Acidified rain is thought to have the potential to affect the ability of plants to acquire nutrients. The effects of artificially acidified rain on calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) uptake by Pinus patula were investigated in terms of changes in the Ca and Mg-levels in the soil and changes in root growth and mycorrhizal coloniZation that might result from exposure to acidified precipitation. The uptake of these ions was also investigated in order to determine the possible effects of acid rain on the uptake process [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / AC2017

Microorganisms are known to be agents involved in the decomposition of organic matter. However, little is known about the participation of the microbial communities during the decomposition of mammalian skeletal muscle tissue. This study investigates the capacity of the soil microbial community to adapt to the decomposition of skeletal muscle tissue in differing soils. This has implications for the study of mass graves and sites of repeated burial. A controlled laboratory experiment was designed to assess the adaptability of microbial communities present in three distinct soil types (sand, loamy sand and sandy clay loam) found near Perth, Western Australia. This experiment was split into two main stages. The initial decomposition stage involved the addition of porcine skeletal muscle tissue (SMT) (Sus scrofa) to each of the three soil types which were then left to decompose for a period of time. Controls were run in parallel, which had no porcine SMT present. The second decomposition stage involved a second addition of SMT to the soils obtained from the initial decomposition stage. Therefore, for each soil, SMT was either decomposed in the soil that had been pre-exposed to SMT or not. The rate of decomposition, microbial activity (CO2 respiration) and microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration) were monitored during the second decomposition stage. The functional diversity of the microbial populations in the soil were assessed using Community-Level Physiological Profiling (CLPP). Across the three soil types, the re-introduction of SMT to the soil has led to its enhanced decomposition (measured by tissue mass loss and microbial activity) by the microbial communities. This microbial adaptation may have been facilitated by a functional change in the soil microbial communities.